{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T18:00:28Z","timestamp":1791396028504,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shanxi Provincial Health Commission Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Project","award":["2025ZYYA026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025ZYYA026"]}]},{"name":"Shanxi Provincial Health Commission Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Project","award":["2025zyycy06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025zyycy06"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) has been used to treat nephropathy, its effects and underlying mechanisms in hyperuricemic nephropathy (HN) remain unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Based on biochemical parameters, inflammatory markers, and renal histopathological morphology, this study employed a rat HN model to examine the impact of GBE. Subsequently, an integrated strategy\u2014combining network pharmacology, renal metabolomics, and gut microbiota profiling\u2014was implemented to probe the mechanistic basis. Finally, Molecular dynamics (MD), molecular dynamic simulations, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) inhibits were applied to elucidate the mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The similarity of fingerprint profiles of three batches of GBE was &amp;gt;0.95, with flavonoid and lactone contents of 29.94% and 13.78%, respectively, meeting the requirements of the Chinese Pharmacopeia standards. GBE intervention led to improved renal function, lowered concentrations of uric acid (UA), interleukin-1 beta, and interleukin-6, and alleviated renal injury. It also regulated purine metabolism and gut microbiota. Notably, quercetin in GBE strongly inhibited xanthine dehydrogenase, as confirmed by its low binding energy and reduced renal expression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>GBE alleviates HN through a dual mechanism: by targeting the purine metabolism pathway to inhibit UA production and by modulating the gut microbiota to restore homeostasis. These findings provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of traditional Chinese medicine in HN.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jpp\/rgag064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T11:48:26Z","timestamp":1780055306000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Elucidating the efficacy and mechanism of\n                    <i>Ginkgo biloba<\/i>\n                    extract in treating hyperuricemic nephropathy using network pharmacology, metabolomics, gut microbiota analysis, and experimental validation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Li","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Management, Shanxi Medical University , Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, PR \u00a0","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of 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