{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T21:17:16Z","timestamp":1783372636959,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Council of Technological and Scientific Development","award":["302286\/2019-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["302286\/2019-5"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein has been implicated as an important pathogenic factor, including in intestinal disorders. The farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a nuclear receptor highly expressed in the intestine, has been highlighted in several studies investigating its role in different intestinal dysfunctions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study evaluated whether FXR blockade attenuates spike-induced morphological alterations and intestinal dysfunction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Balb\/c mice were divided into three groups (PBS, Spike, and DY268-antagonist). A 2\u20133\u00a0cm jejunal loop was surgically prepared, and different substances were inoculated into the loops (200\u00a0\u03bcl of PBS or 200\u00a0\u03bcl containing 10\u00a0\u03bcg of spike protein or 100\u00a0\u03bcl of DY268 at \u03bcmol + 100\u00a0\u03bcl of spike), followed by 4-h resting period before euthanasia. Chloride (Cl\u2212) was measured, and tissue samples were collected for histomorphometry analysis, mucin and MUC2 evaluation, Paneth cell assessment, malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione (GSH) levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>FXR antagonism attenuated alterations in all histomorphometric parameters, maintained mucin expression and Paneth cells and their granules, and reduced MDA levels, while restoring GSH in the intestinal loop. However, further studies are needed to understand the mechanisms by which FXR blockade modulates spike-induced intestinal effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings may provide insights into novel targeted strategies for the management of intestinal disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jpp\/rgag074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T21:02:29Z","timestamp":1783371749000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Farnesoid X receptor blockade attenuates morphological damage, intestinal secretion, and prevents mucus loss induced by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in the mouse intestine"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Andr\u00e9 Luis Fernandes","family":"Lopes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Inflammation and Translational Gastroenterology (LIGAT), Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology (PPGBIOTEC), Parna\u00edba Delta Federal University , Av. S\u00e3o Sebasti\u00e3o, 2819, Parna\u00edba, PI 64202-020 ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreza Ketly","family":"da Silva Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Inflammation and Translational Gastroenterology (LIGAT), Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology (PPGBIOTEC), Parna\u00edba Delta Federal University , Av. S\u00e3o Sebasti\u00e3o, 2819, Parna\u00edba, PI 64202-020 ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Let\u00edcia","family":"de Sousa Chaves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Inflammation and Translational Gastroenterology (LIGAT), Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology (PPGBIOTEC), Parna\u00edba Delta Federal University , Av. S\u00e3o Sebasti\u00e3o, 2819, Parna\u00edba, PI 64202-020 ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esley","family":"da Silva Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Inflammation and Translational Gastroenterology (LIGAT), Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology (PPGBIOTEC), Parna\u00edba Delta Federal University , Av. S\u00e3o Sebasti\u00e3o, 2819, Parna\u00edba, PI 64202-020 ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio Carlos Pereira","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Inflammation and Translational Gastroenterology (LIGAT), Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology (PPGBIOTEC), Parna\u00edba Delta Federal University , Av. S\u00e3o Sebasti\u00e3o, 2819, Parna\u00edba, PI 64202-020 ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katriane Carvalho","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Inflammation and Translational Gastroenterology (LIGAT), Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology (PPGBIOTEC), Parna\u00edba Delta Federal University , Av. S\u00e3o Sebasti\u00e3o, 2819, Parna\u00edba, PI 64202-020 ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Inflammation and Translational Gastroenterology (LIGAT), Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology (PPGBIOTEC), Parna\u00edba Delta Federal University , Av. S\u00e3o Sebasti\u00e3o, 2819, Parna\u00edba, PI 64202-020 ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0822-8440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo Biondaro","family":"Gois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post-Graduation Program in Biosciences and Health, Federal University of Rondon\u00f3polis , Av. dos Estudantes, 5055 (Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade), Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Rondon\u00f3polis, MT 78736-900 ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas Antonio Duarte","family":"Nicolau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Inflammation and Translational Gastroenterology (LIGAT), Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology (PPGBIOTEC), Parna\u00edba Delta Federal University , Av. S\u00e3o Sebasti\u00e3o, 2819, Parna\u00edba, PI 64202-020 ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7234-3382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jand Venes Rolim","family":"Medeiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Inflammation and Translational Gastroenterology (LIGAT), Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology (PPGBIOTEC), Parna\u00edba Delta Federal University , Av. S\u00e3o Sebasti\u00e3o, 2819, Parna\u00edba, PI 64202-020 ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13383","article-title":"The COVID-19 epidemic","volume":"25","author":"Velavan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref2","first-page":"157","article-title":"WHO declares COVID-19 a pandemic","volume":"91","author":"Cucinotta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biomed"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.04.040","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of asymptomatic and symptomatic patients with mild COVID-19","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2020.0502","article-title":"Comorbid chronic diseases are strongly correlated with disease severity among COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Dis"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2024.03.009","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 spike protein triggers gut impairment since mucosal barrier to innermost layers: from basic science to clinical relevance","volume":"17","author":"Nascimento","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1093\/pcmedi\/pbad034","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis in the gastrointestinal tract mediated by spike-induced intestinal inflammation","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Precis Clin Med"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10101996","article-title":"The SARS-CoV-2 S1 spike protein promotes MAPK and NF-kB activation in human lung cells and inflammatory cytokine production in human lung and intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"10","author":"Forsyth","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-024-02094-7","article-title":"A mucus layer derived from porcine intestinal organoid air\u2013liquid interface monolayer attenuates swine enteric coronavirus infection by antiviral activity of Muc2","volume":"22","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Biol"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.212159","article-title":"Farnesoid X receptor activation inhibits inflammation and preserves the intestinal barrier in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"60","author":"Gadaleta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.113.008201","article-title":"Bile acid signaling in metabolic disease and drug therapy","volume":"66","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"06","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.06.06.446781","article-title":"FXR inhibition reduces ACE2 expression, SARS-CoV-2 infection and may improve COVID-19 outcome","volume":"2021","author":"Brevini","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioRxiv"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05594-0","article-title":"FXR inhibition may protect from SARS-CoV-2 infection by reducing ACE2","volume":"615","author":"Brevini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.109609","article-title":"Role of farnesoid X receptor in hepatic steatosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"121","author":"Xi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2019.4692","article-title":"Bile acids promote gastric intestinal metaplasia by upregulating CDX2 and MUC2 expression via the FXR\/NF-\u03baB signalling pathway","volume":"54","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Oncol"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2674","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002674","article-title":"Antidiarrheal efficacy and cellular mechanisms of a Thai herbal remedy","volume":"2","author":"Tradtrantip","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1038\/s41374-021-00628-z","article-title":"Bile acid-induced tissue factor activity in hepatocytes correlates with activation of farnesoid X receptor","volume":"101","author":"Greimel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Laboratory Invest"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174422000514","article-title":"Perinatal and post-weaning exposure to a high-fat diet causes histomorphometric, neuroplastic, and histopathological changes in the rat ileum","volume":"14","author":"Cordeiro","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Dev Orig Health Dis"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16070912","article-title":"Polysaccharides from passion fruit peels: from an agroindustrial by-product to a viable option for 5-FU-induced intestinal damage","volume":"16","author":"Silva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2089","article-title":"NIH image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schneider","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2023.2191382","article-title":"Polysaccharide fraction from Campomanesia adamantium and Campomanesia pubescens attenuates 5-fluorouracil-induced intestinal mucosal inflammation in mice","volume":"75","author":"Wzorek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutr Cancer"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6298662","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/6298662","article-title":"Protective effect of dietary polysaccharides from yellow passion fruit peel on DSS-induced colitis in mice","volume":"2022","author":"Bueno","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxidative Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0187515","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187515","article-title":"Obesogenic diet-induced gut barrier dysfunction and pathobiont expansion aggravate experimental colitis","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(78)90342-1","article-title":"Determination of malonaldehyde precursor in tissues by thiobarbituric acid test","volume":"86","author":"Uchiyama","year":"1978","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(68)90092-4","article-title":"Estimation of total, protein-bound, and nonprotein sulfhydryl groups in tissue with Ellman's reagent","volume":"25","author":"Sedlak","year":"1968","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176118","article-title":"Protective effect of alpha-ketoglutarate against water-immersion restraint stress-induced gastric mucosal damage in mice","volume":"960","author":"Lopes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3390\/ph13010017","article-title":"Biopolymer extracted from Anadenanthera colubrina (Red Angico Gum) exerts therapeutic potential in mice: antidiarrheal activity and safety assessment","volume":"13","author":"Ara\u00fajo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2018.03.010","article-title":"H2S is a key antisecretory molecule against cholera toxin-induced diarrhoea in mice: evidence for non-involvement of the AC\/cAMP\/PKA pathway and AMPK","volume":"76","author":"Sousa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.119869","article-title":"Mechanism of preservation of the intestinal mucosa architecture and NF-\u03baB\/PGE2 reduction by hydrogen sulfide on cholera toxin-induced diarrhea in mice","volume":"284","author":"Sousa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00260","article-title":"Cholinergic submucosal neurons display increased excitability following in vivo cholera toxin exposure in mouse ileum","volume":"9","author":"Fung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2018.02.009","article-title":"The role of ion transporters in the pathophysiology of infectious diarrhea","volume":"6","author":"Das","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paed.2012.05.006","article-title":"Pathophysiology of diarrhoea","volume":"22","author":"Whyte","year":"2012","journal-title":"Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15061","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.15061","article-title":"Expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry factors, electrolyte, and mineral transporters in different mouse intestinal epithelial cell types","volume":"9","author":"Pearce","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2015.03.066","article-title":"Antidiarrheal effect of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq.(Zingiberaceae) in experimental mice and its possible mechanism of action","volume":"168","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00363.2023","article-title":"Activation of farnesoid X receptor retards expansion of renal collecting duct cell-derived cysts via inhibition of CFTR-mediated Cl\u2013secretion","volume":"326","author":"Srimai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6242","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126242","article-title":"Interaction between lipopolysaccharide and gut microbiota in inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"22","author":"Candelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68563","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.68563","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induces inflammation via TLR2-dependent activation of the NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"10","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.88","article-title":"Immunological aspects of intestinal mucus and mucins","volume":"16","author":"Johansson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1038\/s41589-023-01272-y","article-title":"A bacterial sulfoglycosidase highlights mucin O-glycan breakdown in the gut ecosystem","volume":"19","author":"Katoh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Chem Biol"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2023.06.004","article-title":"Sialylation shapes mucus architecture inhibiting bacterial invasion in the colon","volume":"16","author":"Taniguchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4649","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00655-13","article-title":"CD4+ T cells drive goblet cell depletion during Citrobacter rodentium infection","volume":"81","author":"Chan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2016.10.009","article-title":"Goblet cell depletion in small intestinal villous and crypt epithelium of conventional nursing and weaned pigs infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus","volume":"110","author":"Jung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2018.02.007","article-title":"High MUC2 mucin expression and misfolding induce cellular stress, reactive oxygen production, and apoptosis in goblet cells","volume":"188","author":"Tawiah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.4155\/tde-2015-0002","article-title":"The properties of the mucus barrier, a unique gel\u2013how can nanoparticles cross it?","volume":"7","author":"Pearson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ther Deliv"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14657","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)42653-6","article-title":"The thermal depolymerization of porcine submaxillary mucin","volume":"259","author":"Shogren","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.1c01369","article-title":"Mucins inhibit coronavirus infection in a glycan-dependent manner","volume":"8","author":"Wardzala","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Cent Sci"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2710","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39610-7","article-title":"Paneth cell granule dynamics on secretory responses to bacterial stimuli in enteroids","volume":"9","author":"Yokoi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.04.004","article-title":"Western diet induces Paneth cell defects through microbiome alterations and farnesoid X receptor and type I interferon activation","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2021.12.011","article-title":"Mitochondria-mediated oxidative stress during viral infection","volume":"30","author":"Foo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-023-10089-4","article-title":"Prenatal SARS-CoV-2 spike protein exposure induces autism-like neurobehavioral changes in male neonatal rats","volume":"18","author":"Erdogan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J NeuroImmune Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0318881","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0318881","article-title":"The recombinant spike S1 protein induces injury and inflammation in co-cultures of human alveolar epithelial cells and macrophages","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104836","article-title":"Contribution of STAT3 to the pathogenesis of COVID-19","volume":"154","author":"Jafarzadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2021.166322","article-title":"The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 induces heme oxygenase-1: pathophysiologic implications","volume":"3","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox7050062","article-title":"Glutathione: antioxidant properties dedicated to nanotechnologies","volume":"7","author":"Gaucher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2021.102041","article-title":"SARS-CoV2 infection impairs the metabolism and redox function of cellular glutathione","volume":"45","author":"Bartolini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13030271","article-title":"Evaluation of glutathione in spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 induced immunothrombosis and cytokine dysregulation","volume":"13","author":"Norris","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4406","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-07-6696","article-title":"Guggulsterone, a farnesoid X receptor antagonist, inhibits constitutive and inducible STAT3 activation through induction of a protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1","volume":"68","author":"Ahn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2022.111618","article-title":"Discovery of farnesoid X receptor and its role in bile acid metabolism","volume":"548","author":"Chiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607899","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1607899","article-title":"Bile acids affect intestinal barrier function through FXR and TGR5","volume":"12","author":"Song","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4240","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26094240","article-title":"Crosstalk between bile acids and intestinal epithelium: multidimensional roles of farnesoid X receptor and Takeda G protein receptor 5","volume":"26","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1949095","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1949095","article-title":"Effect of different bile acids on the intestine through enterohepatic circulation based on FXR","volume":"13","author":"Xiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00063.2024","article-title":"FXR deletion attenuates intestinal barrier dysfunction in murine acute intestinal inflammation","volume":"327","author":"O\u2019guinn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"2026070617022108000_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"loaf004","DOI":"10.1093\/lifemeta\/loaf004","article-title":"Development of cyclopeptide inhibitors specifically disrupting FXR\u2013coactivator interaction in the intestine as a novel therapeutic strategy for MASH","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Life Metab"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpp\/article-pdf\/78\/7\/rgag074\/68704041\/rgag074.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpp\/article-pdf\/78\/7\/rgag074\/68704041\/rgag074.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T21:02:31Z","timestamp":1783371751000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpp\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jpp\/rgag074\/8725709"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jpp\/rgag074","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3573","2042-7158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3573","type":"print"},{"value":"2042-7158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"article-number":"rgag074"}}