{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T18:19:56Z","timestamp":1788286796075,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To synthesize current evidence on the role of glycogen synthase kinase-3\u03b2 (GSK-3\u03b2) in myocardial ischemia\u2013reperfusion injury (MIRI) and evaluate its potential as a therapeutic target.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review examines the mechanistic involvement of GSK-3\u03b2 in MIRI, focusing on mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening, apoptosis, inflammation, autophagy, and associated signaling pathways. Recent pharmacological advances in GSK-3\u03b2 inhibition and their translational potential were also evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>GSK-3\u03b2 is a central regulator of the pathophysiological response to MIRI. Its temporal inactivation during reperfusion confers cardioprotection through pathways including PI3K\/Akt and mTOR, whereas context-dependent activation may exacerbate myocardial injury. Recent GSK-3\u03b2 inhibitors show therapeutic promise, although challenges including isoform selectivity and systemic toxicity remain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>GSK-3\u03b2 represents a complex yet promising therapeutic target in ischemic heart disease. Future research should prioritize precision therapies and biomarker-guided interventions to improve the clinical translation of GSK-3\u03b2-targeted strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jpp\/rgag095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T11:52:38Z","timestamp":1785930758000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["GSK-3\u03b2 in myocardial ischemia\u2013reperfusion injury: molecular insights and therapeutic approaches"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Praveena","family":"Sriharsh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith , Banasthali ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arya K","family":"Vishwapriya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith , Banasthali ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radhika","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith , Banasthali ,","place":["India"]},{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith , Banasthali, Rajasthan ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2639-7096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Swapnil","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith , Banasthali ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1097\/CRD.0000000000000440","article-title":"Pathobiology of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury: models, modes, molecular mechanisms, modulation, and clinical applications","volume":"31","author":"Buja","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiol Rev"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s42826-024-00218-2","article-title":"Flavonoids as therapeutics for myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury: a comprehensive review on preclinical studies","volume":"40","author":"Verma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lab Anim Res"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.4103\/jpcs.jpcs_2_24","article-title":"Nonpharmacological interventions for protection of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury among patient with ST elevation myocardial infarction: a brief review","volume":"10","author":"Jangra","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pract Cardiovasc Sci"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0249","article-title":"Myocardial revascularization in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction","volume":"122","author":"Haring","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.3233\/CH-249101","article-title":"Recent advances in mesenchymal stem cell therapy for myocardial infarction","volume":"87","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Hemorheol Microcirc"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.111.249532","article-title":"Differential roles of GSK-3\u03b2 during myocardial ischemia and ischemia\/reperfusion","volume":"109","author":"Zhai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.116377","article-title":"Glycogen synthase kinase-3: a potential immunotherapeutic target in tumor microenvironment","volume":"173","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9061427","article-title":"The role of GSK-3 in cancer immunotherapy: GSK-3 inhibitors as a new frontier in cancer treatment","volume":"9","author":"Augello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8263","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25158263","article-title":"GSK3-driven modulation of inflammation and tissue integrity in the animal model","volume":"25","author":"K\u00fchl","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930710","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/930710","article-title":"GSK-3\u03b2: a bifunctional role in cell death pathways","volume":"2012","author":"Jacobs","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Cell Biol"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2881","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557522666220420094317","article-title":"GSK-3\u03b2 and its inhibitors in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a recent update","volume":"22","author":"Chauhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mini Rev Med Chem"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2023.166724","article-title":"GSK-3 at the heart of cardiometabolic diseases: isoform-specific targeting is critical to therapeutic benefit","volume":"1869","author":"Umbarkar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.303613","article-title":"The GSK-3 family as therapeutic target for myocardial diseases","volume":"116","author":"Lal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","volume-title":"Cardioprotective Effects of Jiming Formula on Improving Myocardial Metabolism in Mice with Myocardial Infarction Via the Ampk\/Sirt1\/Pgc-1\u03b1 Pathway","author":"Fan","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5070636"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","volume-title":"Taoyuan Decoction Improved Metrnl Insufficiency Causing Accentuation of Myocardial Infarction-Induced Cardiac Remodeling and Myocardial Energy Metabolism Dysfunction through Ampk-Mediated Fatty Acid Oxidation","author":"Deng","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5063048"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.124.325187","article-title":"GSK3\u03b2 deficiency expands obese adipose vasculature to mitigate metabolic disorders","volume":"136","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.2174\/0118715303319434241113161606","article-title":"Berberine improves glucose and lipid metabolism in obese mice through the reduction of IRE1\/GSK-3\u03b2 Axis-mediated inflammation","volume":"25","author":"Ding","year":"2025","journal-title":"Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1007\/s12033-024-01173-y","article-title":"Management of ROS and regulatory cell death in myocardial ischemia\u2013reperfusion injury","volume":"67","author":"Gong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Biotechnol"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864946","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/864946","article-title":"Molecular characterization of reactive oxygen species in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"2015","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102884","article-title":"Mitochondria in acute myocardial infarction and cardioprotection","volume":"57","author":"Ramachandra","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-5922.12225","article-title":"Rosuvastatin postconditioning protects isolated hearts against ischemia\u2013reperfusion injury: the role of radical oxygen species, PI 3K\u2013Akt\u2013GSK-3\u03b2 pathway, and mitochondrial permeability transition pore","volume":"35","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Ther"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvz061","article-title":"Investigating and re-evaluating the role of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta kinase as a molecular target for cardioprotection by using novel pharmacological inhibitors","volume":"115","author":"Nikolaou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1080\/15384101.2022.2161959","article-title":"Natural compounds regulate the PI3K\/Akt\/GSK3\u03b2 pathway in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"22","author":"Ajzashokouhi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031709","article-title":"Regulation of autophagy by the glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) signalling pathway","volume":"23","author":"Pan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209703","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2023.1209703","article-title":"The role of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"16","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7092","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-024-04003-z","article-title":"Therapeutic potential effect of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3\u03b2) inhibitors in Parkinson disease: exploring an overlooked avenue","volume":"61","author":"Turkistani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.109.211482","article-title":"Glycogen synthase kinase-3\u03b2 regulates post\u2013myocardial infarction remodeling and stress-induced cardiomyocyte proliferation in vivo","volume":"106","author":"Woulfe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref28","article-title":"The role of quercetin and exercise in modulating apoptosis and cardiomyopathy via PI3K\/AKT\/FOXO3 pathways in diabetic obese rats","volume":"26","author":"Khajehlandi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell J (Yakhteh)"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2025.13442","article-title":"Preconditioning with acteoside ameliorates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by targeting HSP90AA1 and the PI3K\/Akt signalling pathway","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5278218","article-title":"Kaempferide protects against myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury through activation of the PI3K\/Akt\/GSK-3\u03b2 pathway","volume":"2017","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mediat Inflamm"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0218098","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218098","article-title":"GSK3\u03b2 inhibition and canonical Wnt signalling in mice hearts after myocardial ischemic damage","volume":"14","author":"Badimon","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2024.123306","article-title":"Downregulated DKK2 may serve as a molecular mechanism of high-fat diet-induced myocardial injury via Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin pathway","volume":"361","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2008.01.003","article-title":"The Wnt\/frizzled\/GSK-3\u03b2 pathway: a novel therapeutic target for cardiac hypertrophy","volume":"29","author":"Blankesteijn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0b013e31825b5633","article-title":"Ischemic postconditioning mediates cardioprotection via PI3K\/GSK-3\u03b2\/\u03b2-catenin signalling pathway in ischemic rat myocardium","volume":"38","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","volume-title":"Impaired RISK-GSK3\u03b2 Pathway Is Responsible for Comorbidities by Suppressing the Conditioning Cardioprotection","author":"Jin","DOI":"10.24015\/JAPM.2016.0028"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-010-6234-z","article-title":"Mitochondria and GSK-3\u03b2 in cardioprotection against ischemia\/reperfusion injury","volume":"24","author":"Miura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Drugs Ther"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-010-0130-3","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus abrogates erythropoietin-induced cardioprotection against ischemic-reperfusion injury by alteration of the RISK\/GSK-3\u03b2 signalling","volume":"106","author":"Ghaboura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Basic Res Cardiol"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113572","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine attenuates myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion-induced ferroptosis via AMPK\/GSK-3\u03b2\/Nrf2 axis","volume":"154","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2006.09.005","article-title":"Kinase inhibitors for cardiovascular disease","volume":"42","author":"Kumar","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Cardiol"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2457","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.22592","article-title":"PKC\u03b5 promotes cardiac mitochondrial and metabolic adaptation to chronic hypobaric hypoxia by GSK3\u03b2 inhibition","volume":"226","author":"McCarthy","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e24562","article-title":"Pterostilbene attenuates heart failure by inhibiting myocardial ferroptosis through SIRT1\/GSK-3\u03b2\/GPX4 signalling pathway","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.2217\/epi-2020-0359","article-title":"Roles of noncoding RNAs in the initiation and progression of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"13","author":"Bai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epigenomics"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23218","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.23218","article-title":"LncRNA FOXD3-AS1 aggravates myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury by inactivating the Redd1\/AKT\/GSK3\u03b2\/Nrf2 signalling pathway via the miR-128\/TXNIP axis","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Biochem Mol Toxicol"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7260801","article-title":"Integrated bioinformatics and validation of lncRNA-mediated ceRNA network in myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury","volume":"2022","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e370102","DOI":"10.1590\/acb370102","article-title":"Naringin attenuates acute myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury via miR-126\/GSK-3\u03b2\/\u03b2-catenin signalling pathway","volume":"37","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta cirurgica brasileira"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref46","article-title":"Effect of miR-26a targeting GSK-3\u03b2\/\u03b2-catenin signalling pathway on myocardial apoptosis in rats with myocardial ischemia-reperfusion","volume":"23","author":"Gong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9375","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23169375","article-title":"GSK3\u03b2 inhibition is the molecular pivot that underlies the Mir-210-induced attenuation of intrinsic apoptosis cascade during hypoxia","volume":"23","author":"Marwarha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-021-00467-3","article-title":"Overexpression of circRNA SNRK targets miR-103-3p to reduce apoptosis and promote cardiac repair through GSK3\u03b2\/\u03b2-catenin pathway in rats with myocardial infarction","volume":"7","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1590\/1519-6984.228437","article-title":"Apoptosis (programmed cell death) and its signals-a review","volume":"81","author":"Obeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Braz J Biol"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2022.174830","article-title":"GSK-3\u03b2-mediated activation of NLRP3 inflammasome leads to pyroptosis and apoptosis of rat cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts","volume":"920","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2588891","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2588891","article-title":"GSK3\u03b2 exacerbates myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury by inhibiting myc","volume":"2022","author":"Wen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxidative Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-09-0284","article-title":"GSK-3\u03b2, a therapeutic target for cardiomyocyte protection","volume":"73","author":"Miura","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2024.107281","article-title":"Programmed death of cardiomyocytes in cardiovascular disease and new therapeutic approaches","volume":"206","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4606","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054606","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor family members and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury: state of the art and therapeutic implications","volume":"24","author":"Galeone","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e40812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e40812","article-title":"Investigating the NF-\u03baB signalling pathway in heart failure: exploring potential therapeutic approaches","volume":"10","author":"Ghiasi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-009-0002-1","article-title":"GSK-3\u03b2 inhibitor modulates TLR2\/NF-\u03baB signalling following myocardial ischemia-reperfusion","volume":"58","author":"Gao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inflamm Res"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2023.115496","article-title":"GSK-3\u03b2: an exuberating neuroinflammatory mediator in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"210","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2021.10723","article-title":"MicroRNA-24 protects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury via the NF-\u03baB\/TNF-\u03b1 pathway","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-020-0141-7","article-title":"Lysosome biology in autophagy","volume":"6","author":"Yim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Discov"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12562","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.28125","article-title":"mTOR and Beclin1: two key autophagy-related molecules and their roles in myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury","volume":"234","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-022-00930-x","article-title":"Blunting TRPML1 channels protects myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury by restoring impaired cardiomyocyte autophagy","volume":"117","author":"Xing","year":"2022","journal-title":"Basic Res Cardiol"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.8.1.18314","article-title":"Glycogen synthase kinase-3\u03b2 controls autophagy during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion","volume":"8","author":"Zhai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-023-00736-6","article-title":"Suxiao Jiuxin pill alleviates myocardial ischemia\u2013reperfusion injury through the ALKBH5\/GSK3\u03b2\/mTOR pathway","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin Med"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3753","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.29270","article-title":"Inhibition of microRNA-327 ameliorates ischemia\/reperfusion injury-induced cardiomyocytes apoptosis through targeting apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain","volume":"235","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8726564","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8726564","article-title":"Mitochondrial damage in myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury and application of natural plant products","volume":"2022","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxidative Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3224","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22063224","article-title":"Mitochondria and pharmacologic cardiac conditioning\u2014At the heart of ischemic injury","volume":"22","author":"Lotz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.12.009","article-title":"A unifying mechanism for mitochondrial superoxide production during ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"23","author":"Chouchani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvw100","article-title":"Succinate metabolism: a new therapeutic target for myocardial reperfusion injury","volume":"111","author":"Pell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2021.01.036","article-title":"Energy substrate metabolism and mitochondrial oxidative stress in cardiac ischemia\/reperfusion injury","volume":"165","author":"Dambrova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0167300","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167300","article-title":"Real-time fluorescence measurements of ROS and [Ca2+] in ischemic\/reperfused rat hearts: detectable increases occur only after mitochondrial pore opening and are attenuated by ischemic preconditioning","volume":"11","author":"Andrienko","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI19906","article-title":"Glycogen synthase kinase-3\u03b2 mediates convergence of protection signalling to inhibit the mitochondrial permeability transition pore","volume":"113","author":"Juhaszova","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd12070266","article-title":"MAPK, PI3K\/Akt pathways, and GSK-3\u03b2 activity in severe acute heart failure in intensive care patients: an updated review","volume":"12","author":"Meco","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Dev Dis"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481405","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/481405","article-title":"Protective effects of kaempferol against myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury in isolated rat heart via antioxidant activity and inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3\u03b2","volume":"2015","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oxidative Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21091248","article-title":"Asiatic acid attenuates myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury via Akt\/GSK-3\u03b2\/HIF-1\u03b1 signalling in rat H9c2 cardiomyocytes","volume":"21","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s13105-019-00718-z","article-title":"Rosuvastatin protects isolated hearts against ischemia-reperfusion injury: role of Akt-GSK-3\u03b2, metabolic environment, and mitochondrial permeability transition pore","volume":"76","author":"V\u00e9lez","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e131","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001350","article-title":"Remifentanil preconditioning reduces postischemic myocardial infarction and improves left ventricular performance via activation of the Janus activated kinase-2\/signal transducers and activators of transcription-3 signal pathway and subsequent inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3\u03b2 in rats","volume":"44","author":"Qiao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2015.54863","article-title":"Apelin-13 protects the heart against ischemia-reperfusion injury through the RISK-GSK-3\u03b2-mPTP pathway","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Med Sci"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2374","DOI":"10.2174\/0115701808235958230923042422","article-title":"Kukoamine a activates Akt\/GSK-3\u03b2 pathway to repress oxidative stress and inflammation to alleviate myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"21","author":"Hong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lett Drug Des Discov"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14621","DOI":"10.1111\/cbdd.14621","article-title":"Fucoxanthin attenuates myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion-induced injury via AMPK\/GSK-3\u03b2\/Nrf2 Axis","volume":"104","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem Biol Drug Des"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1002\/bab.2000","article-title":"USP47 promotes apoptosis in rat myocardial cells after ischemia\/reperfusion injury via NF-\u03baB activation","volume":"68","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biotechnol Appl Biochem"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2022.106349","article-title":"Tideglusib ameliorates ischemia\/reperfusion damage by inhibiting GSK-3\u03b2 and apoptosis in rat model of ischemic stroke","volume":"31","author":"Joshi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2007.08.010","article-title":"Modulation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore complex in GSK-3\u03b2-mediated myocardial protection","volume":"43","author":"Nishihara","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Cardiol"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850053","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.850053","article-title":"Cariporide attenuates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats by inhibiting oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis partly through regulation of Akt\/GSK-3\u03b2 and Sirt1 signalling pathway","volume":"13","author":"Liao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9121292","article-title":"Oxidative stress and antioxidant treatments in cardiovascular diseases","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202402537","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.202402537","article-title":"Investigating the therapeutic effects of ferroptosis on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury using a dual-locking mitochondrial targeting strategy","volume":"136","author":"Yin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Angew Chem"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1089\/dna.2016.3391","article-title":"Apelin\/APJ system: a novel therapeutic target for myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"DNA Cell Biol"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2022.05.004","article-title":"Novel GSK-3\u03b2 inhibitor neopetroside a protects against murine myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Basic Transl Sci"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18103\/mra.v8i7.2166","article-title":"Myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury: novel strategies for an old problem","volume":"8","author":"Kusmic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Res Arch"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662726","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.662726","article-title":"Targeting glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta regulates cd47 expression after myocardial infarction in rats via the NF-\u03baB signalling pathway","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-020-09961-9","article-title":"Crosstalk between GSK-3\u03b2-actuated molecular cascades and myocardial physiology","volume":"26","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heart Fail Rev"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.108.178970","article-title":"Glycogen synthase kinase 3 inhibition slows mitochondrial adenine nucleotide transport and regulates voltage-dependent anion channel phosphorylation","volume":"103","author":"Das","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2006.07.006","article-title":"The paradoxical pro-and anti-apoptotic actions of GSK3 in the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis signalling pathways","volume":"79","author":"Beurel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-100186","article-title":"GSK-3 inhibitors: a double-edged sword?\u2013an update on tideglusib","volume":"68","author":"Mathuram","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Res (Stuttg)"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11030559","article-title":"Isoform-specific role of GSK-3 in high fat diet induced obesity and glucose intolerance","volume":"11","author":"Gupte","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2585","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2020.11394","article-title":"Overview of the STAT-3 signalling pathway in cancer and the development of specific inhibitors","volume":"19","author":"Gu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncol Lett"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0b013e318186a84d","article-title":"Glycogen synthase kinase 3 inhibition protects the heart from acute ischemia-reperfusion injury via inhibition of inflammation and apoptosis","volume":"52","author":"Gao","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1002\/1878-0261.13578","article-title":"Mitochondrial fusion\u2013fission dynamics and its involvement in colorectal cancer","volume":"18","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Oncol"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2015.101","article-title":"The SR\/ER-mitochondria calcium crosstalk is regulated by GSK3\u03b2 during reperfusion injury","volume":"23","author":"Gomez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2018.06.002","article-title":"Inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase 3\u03b2 (GSK-3\u03b2) enhances mitochondrial biogenesis during myogenesis","volume":"1864","author":"Theeuwes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856699","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.856699","article-title":"Gluconolactone alleviates myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury and arrhythmias via activating PKC\u03b5\/extracellular signal-regulated kinase signalling","volume":"13","author":"Qin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2388","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10092388","article-title":"Dynamic regulation of cysteine oxidation and phosphorylation in myocardial ischemia\u2013reperfusion injury","volume":"10","author":"Casin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.008364","article-title":"Cardiac fibroblast glycogen synthase kinase-3\u03b2 regulates ventricular remodeling and dysfunction in ischemic heart","volume":"130","author":"Lal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2016.06.027","article-title":"Tideglusib, a chemical inhibitor of GSK3\u03b2, attenuates hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal mice","volume":"1860","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2266","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.23340","article-title":"PHLDA3 inhibition protects against myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury by alleviating oxidative stress and inflammatory response via the Akt\/Nrf2 axis","volume":"36","author":"Meng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8889123","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8889123","article-title":"Long noncoding RNAs in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"2021","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxidative Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2021.11991","article-title":"HIF-1\u03b1 in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"23","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-020-00928-z","article-title":"The role of arachidonic acid metabolism in myocardial ischemia\u2013reperfusion injury","volume":"78","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref108","article-title":"The function of circular RNAs in myocardial ischemia\u2013reperfusion injury: underlying mechanisms and therapeutic advancement","volume":"39","author":"Chen","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Drugs Ther"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1007\/s12265-023-10401-w","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomal noncoding RNAs as alternative treatments for myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury: current status and future perspectives","volume":"16","author":"Chang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Transl Res"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12040802","article-title":"Myocardial ischemia\u2013reperfusion injury: unraveling pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and emerging prevention strategies","volume":"12","author":"Sagris","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10020262","article-title":"Mechanisms and therapeutic implications of GSK-3 in treating neurodegeneration","volume":"10","author":"Rippin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2026090114115007600_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rechem.2024.101500","article-title":"Navigating the GSK-3\u03b2 inhibitors as versatile multi-target drug ligands in Alzheimer\u2019s disease intervention\u2013a comprehensive review","volume":"7","author":"Joshi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Results Chem"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpp\/article-pdf\/78\/9\/rgag095\/70895412\/rgag095.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpp\/article-pdf\/78\/9\/rgag095\/70895412\/rgag095.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T18:11:59Z","timestamp":1788286319000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpp\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jpp\/rgag095\/8778692"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"references-count":112,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jpp\/rgag095","relation":{},"ISSN":["2042-7158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2042-7158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"article-number":"rgag095"}}