{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T01:53:45Z","timestamp":1787882025507,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]],"date-time":"2021-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18KK0147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18KK0147"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The retrospective dosimetry that follows accidental X-ray exposure is becoming more significant for improving radiation diagnosis and treatment. We investigated the dosimetric properties of electron spin resonance (ESR) signals in X-ray irradiated fingernails under conditions that resemble realistic situations. We collected fingernails from 12 Japanese donors between the ages of 30 to 70. The sampled fingernails were utilized for X-ray irradiation, mechanical stimulation and background measurements. We also collected 10 toenails from one of the donors to evaluate their differences from fingernails. Additionally, we prepared 15 samples from two donors to compare the signals generated by \u03b3-rays to those by X-rays. After observing the linear dose\u2013response for both X- and \u03b3-ray irradiated samples, we found that the sensitivity of the air-absorbed dose of \u03b3-ray irradiated samples was identical to that of X-ray irradiated samples. The effect from secondary electrons seemed to be small in fingernails. The inter-individual variation in the sensitivity was no greater than the intra-individual variation. The signal intensities in each measurement fluctuated about the linear response curve, and the size of the fluctuation was dependent on the sample. The average fluctuation corresponded to 1.7\u00a0Gy, and the standard deviation was 1.3\u00a0Gy. The signal induced by X-rays could be erased by soaking the samples in water and subsequently drying them for four\u00a0days, which allowed us to estimate the signal intensity prior to the exposure. These characteristics of the ESR signal induced by X-rays facilitate the development of a feasible protocol for fingernail dose reconstruction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rrab027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]],"date-time":"2021-03-29T11:08:25Z","timestamp":1617016105000},"page":"812-824","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Behavior of the electron spin resonance signals in X-ray irradiated human fingernails for the establishment of a dose reconstruction procedure"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Seiko","family":"Hirota","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Biophysics, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine (RIRBM), Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chryzel Angelica B","family":"Gonzales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Biophysics, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine (RIRBM), Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Yasuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Biophysics, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine (RIRBM), Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021091406021363700_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/0883-2889(89)90034-8","article-title":"Evaluation of ESR as a radiation accidentdosimetry technique","volume":"40","author":"Dalgarnov","year":"1989","journal-title":"International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation Part A Applied Radiation and Isotopes"},{"key":"2021091406021363700_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0b013e31824ac338","article-title":"Study of the stability of EPR signals after irradiation of fingernail samples","volume":"103","author":"Reyes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Phys"},{"key":"2021091406021363700_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0000000000000277","article-title":"Determining dosimetric properties and lowest detectable dose of fingernail clippings from their electron paramagnetic resonance signal","volume":"109","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Phys"},{"key":"2021091406021363700_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncw216","article-title":"Possible nature of the radiation-induced signal in nails: high-field EPR, confirming chemical synthesis, and quantum chemical calculations","volume":"172","author":"Tipikin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiat Prot Dosimetry"},{"key":"2021091406021363700_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radmeas.2007.05.024","article-title":"Protocol for emergency EPR dosimetry in fingernails","volume":"42","author":"Trompier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Radiat Meas"},{"key":"2021091406021363700_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0000000000000110","article-title":"Bottollier-Depois, Epr retrospective dosimetry with fingernails: Report on first application cases","volume":"106","author":"Trompier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Phys"},{"key":"2021091406021363700_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833\u2013834","DOI":"10.1038\/328833a0","article-title":"Sulphur radicals formed by cutting alpha-keratin","volume":"328","author":"Chandra","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021091406021363700_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.2307\/3576136","article-title":"ESR study of some sulfur-centered radicals formed in irradiated cysteamine and 1,4-dithiane single crystals","volume":"97","author":"Bonazzola","year":"1984","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"key":"2021091406021363700_ref9","first-page":"11","article-title":"Electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of irradiated finger-nails: a possible measure of accidental exposure","volume":"58","author":"Symons","year":"1995","journal-title":"Radiat Prot Dosimetry"},{"key":"2021091406021363700_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-008-0178-8","article-title":"Electron paramagnetic resonance in human fingernails: the sponge model implication","volume":"47","author":"Reyes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiat Environ Biophys"},{"key":"2021091406021363700_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291\u2013303","DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-014-0512-2","article-title":"State of the art in nail dosimetry: free radicals identification and reaction mechanisms","volume":"53","author":"Trompier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Radiat Environ Biophys"},{"key":"2021091406021363700_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0b013e3181b0c045","article-title":"Ex vivo analysis of irradiated finger nails: chemical yields and properties of radiation-induced and mechanically-induced radicals","volume":"98","author":"Black","year":"2010","journal-title":"Health Phys"},{"key":"2021091406021363700_ref13","article-title":"EPR study of gamma-irradiated feather keratin and human fingernails concerning retrospective dose assessment","volume":"58","author":"Strzelczak","journal-title":"Nukleonika"},{"key":"2021091406021363700_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.3109\/10715768809066922","article-title":"Formation of radicals by mechanical processes","volume":"5","author":"Symons","year":"1988","journal-title":"Free Radic Res Commun"},{"key":"2021091406021363700_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radmeas.2007.05.026","article-title":"EPR dosimetry in chemically treated fingernails","volume":"42","author":"Romanyukha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Radiat Meas"},{"key":"2021091406021363700_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncu207","article-title":"The effect of dose and water treatment on EPR signals in irradiated fingernails","volume":"162","author":"Marciniak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Radiat Prot 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