{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,13]],"date-time":"2025-04-13T05:07:54Z","timestamp":1744520874549,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,3]],"date-time":"2022-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP20ck0106581"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20ck0106581"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) is recommended for patients with limited-stage small-cell lung cancer (LS-SCLC) who respond well to initial treatment. However, PCI is often omitted because of its potential neurotoxicity in the era of modern diagnostic imaging devices. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the risk factors for brain metastasis (BM) in patients eligible for PCI and who may benefit more from it. Patients with LS-SCLC who responded well to definitive thoracic chemoradiotherapy were included in the present study. Competing risk regression was used to identify factors associated with BM, and the Kaplan\u2013Meier method was used to assess overall survival (OS). Between 2004 and 2017, 62 patients were eligible for PCI and were analyzed. Of these, 38 (61.3%) underwent PCI. Overall, 17 patients (27.4%) developed BM, with a 2-year cumulative incidence of 22.8%. Multivariate analysis (MVA) revealed that pretreatment elevated pro-gastrin-releasing peptide (ProGRP) levels were associated with an increased risk for BM (HR, 7.96, P = 0.0091). PCI tended to reduce the risk of BM (HR, 0.33; P = 0.051). The use of PCI was associated with improved OS in patients with ProGRP levels &amp;gt; 410 pg\/mL (P = 0.008), but not in those with ProGRP \u2264 410 pg\/mL (P = 0.9). Pretreatment ProGRP levels may be useful in predicting the development of BM in patients with LS-SCLC who achieved a good response to initial therapy and to determine which patients should undergo PCI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rrac035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,3]],"date-time":"2022-07-03T05:56:35Z","timestamp":1656827795000},"page":"636-645","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Usefulness of pro-gastrin-releasing peptide as a predictor of the incidence of brain metastasis and effect of prophylactic cranial irradiation in patients with limited-stage small-cell lung cancer"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Kazuhito","family":"Ueki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology and Image-Applied Therapy , Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507 , Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yukinori","family":"Matsuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology and Image-Applied Therapy , Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507 , Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noriko","family":"Kishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology and Image-Applied Therapy , Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507 , Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Yoneyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology and Image-Applied Therapy , Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507 , Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hironori","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine , Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507 , Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuichi","family":"Sakamori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine , Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507 , Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroaki","family":"Ozasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine , Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507 , Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toyohiro","family":"Hirai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine , Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507 , Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Mizowaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology and Image-Applied Therapy , Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507 , Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022092010321184300_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4539","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.04.4859","article-title":"Changing epidemiology of small-cell lung cancer in the United States over the last 30 years: analysis of the surveillance, epidemiologic, and end results database","volume":"24","author":"Govindan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2022092010321184300_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-5002(89)90156-6","article-title":"Staging and prognostic factors in small cell lung cancer: a consensus report","volume":"5","author":"Stahel","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"2022092010321184300_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2018.0079","volume":"16","author":"Kalemkerian","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Natl Compr Cancer Netw"},{"key":"2022092010321184300_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prro.2020.02.009","article-title":"Radiation therapy for small cell lung cancer: an ASTRO clinical practice guideline","volume":"10","author":"Simone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pract Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"2022092010321184300_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdf123","article-title":"Patterns of failure after prophylactic cranial irradiation in small-cell lung cancer: analysis of 505 randomized patients","volume":"13","author":"Arriagada","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"2022092010321184300_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199908123410703","article-title":"Prophylactic cranial irradiation for patients with small-cell lung cancer in complete remission. 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