{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T14:10:35Z","timestamp":1734358235551,"version":"3.30.2"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The more science progresses, the more life and society change. Medicine also changes with the times and the culture. This is also true for radiation emergency medicine, which includes dose-assessment leading to diagnosis, treatment, medical follow-up and prognosis of persons who have developed acute injury or illness due to radioactive contamination or radiation exposure. Before the report of X-rays by Roentgen, there was evidence that X-rays had been emitted from the electrically excited Crookes tube and that skin injury had been caused by the X-rays. Thus, the history of radiation and its exposure started before Roentgen. During the early stage of radiation use, people were simply exposed to radiation but were unaware of any danger. Radioactive materials were found soon after Roentgen\u2019s report, and contamination with these materials occurred. Together with the development of science and technology, sophisticated radiation devices were produced, and the use and application of radiation became much enhanced. New radionuclides were found one after another, leading to identification of different qualities of radiation. Development of nuclear physics allowed people to artificially produce radionuclides and to construct a nuclear reactor. After World War II, nuclear power plants were constructed, and related facilities such as nuclear fuel processing, reprocessing and spent fuel storage facilities were built. If radiation accidents or events occur at such facilities, radiation exposure with thermal or chemical burns could occur. Together with the expansion of globalism in the world and division in the society, there are now increasing concerns regarding the malicious usage of radiation by radiological dispersal devices (RDDs) including a dirty bomb. Upon detonation of RDDs, blast and thermal injuries with radiation exposure could be caused. In the present society, the natures of exposure to radiation and contamination with radioactive materials have become much more complicated. Not even mentioning the atomic bomb, the detonation of RDDs also necessitates scenarios of medical responses to complicated injuries and the involvement of numbers of people. This article looks back at the history of radiation and addresses the medical responses to radiation injuries that change with the times.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rrae037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T13:37:52Z","timestamp":1734356272000},"page":"i24-i31","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Role of radiation emergency medicine: historical view\u2014a perspective on the past, present, and future"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Makoto","family":"Akashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tokyo Healthcare University Faculty and Postgraduate School of Nursing, , 2-5-1 Higashigaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8558,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024121613374367500_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01488241","article-title":"\u00dcber den Nachweis und das Verhalten der bei der Bestrahlung des Urans mittels Neutronen entstehenden Erdalkalimetalle","volume":"27","author":"Hahn","year":"1939","journal-title":"Naturwissenschaften"},{"key":"2024121613374367500_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1038\/143239a0","article-title":"Disintegration of uranium by neutrons: a new type of nuclear reaction","volume":"143","author":"Meitner","year":"1939","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024121613374367500_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1038\/143276a0","article-title":"Physical evidence for the division of heavy nuclei under neutron bombardment","volume":"143","author":"Frisch","year":"1939","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024121613374367500_ref4","first-page":"517","article-title":"Ionizing radiation: a medical problem","volume":"86","author":"Copp","year":"1962","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"volume-title":"Nuclear Reactors: Generation to Generation","author":"Goldberg","key":"2024121613374367500_ref5"},{"volume-title":"From Obninsk Beyond: Nuclear Power Conference Looks to Future","author":"International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)","key":"2024121613374367500_ref6"},{"key":"2024121613374367500_ref7","first-page":"32","article-title":"Uber eine neue Art von Strahlen","volume":"137","author":"Rontgen","year":"1895","journal-title":"Sitzung Physikal-Medicin Gesellschaft"},{"key":"2024121613374367500_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1098\/rspl.1878.0098","article-title":"On the illumination of lines of molecular pressure, and the trajectory of molecules","volume":"28","author":"Crookes","year":"1879","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Lond"},{"key":"2024121613374367500_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1148\/21.2.156","article-title":"Priority in the therapeutic use of x rays","volume":"21","author":"Grubbe","year":"1933","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2024121613374367500_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.181.3.1947073","article-title":"The first radiation accident in America: a centennial account of the x-ray photograph made in 1890","volume":"181","author":"Walden","year":"1991","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2024121613374367500_ref11","first-page":"17","article-title":"Remarks made at the demonstration of the R\u00f6ntgen Ray, at Stated Meeting, February 21, 1896","volume":"35","author":"","year":"1896","journal-title":"Proc Am Philos Soc"},{"key":"2024121613374367500_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.165.5.7572473","article-title":"The new light: discovery and introduction of the X-ray","volume":"165","author":"Goodman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"2024121613374367500_ref13","first-page":"355","article-title":"Imaginary conversations from the history of medicine: Robert Koch and Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen","volume":"85","author":"Medvei","year":"1992","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"key":"2024121613374367500_ref14","first-page":"501","article-title":"Sur les radiations invisibles \u00e9mises par les corps phosphorescents","volume":"122","author":"Becquerel","year":"1896","journal-title":"C R Hebd Seances Acad Sci Paris"},{"key":"2024121613374367500_ref15","first-page":"1215","article-title":"Sur une nouvelle substance fortement radio-active, contenue dans la pechblene","volume":"127","author":"Curie","year":"1898","journal-title":"C R Hebd Seances Acad Sci Paris"},{"key":"2024121613374367500_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"011001","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6498\/ac241a","article-title":"Cutaneous and local radiation injuries","volume":"42","author":"Iddins","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Radiol Prot"},{"key":"2024121613374367500_ref17","first-page":"419","article-title":"X-ray treatment; its introduction to medicine","volume":"39","author":"Grubb\u00e9","year":"1946","journal-title":"J Am Inst Homeopath"},{"key":"2024121613374367500_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3.67.562","article-title":"The X-rays","volume":"3","author":"Daniels","year":"1986","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2024121613374367500_ref19","first-page":"451","article-title":"Roentgen ray burns","volume":"3","author":"Thomson","year":"1898","journal-title":"Am X-ray J"},{"key":"2024121613374367500_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.164.1.7998548","article-title":"American martyrs to radiology. Clarence Madison Dally (1865-1904). 1936","volume":"164","author":"Brown","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"2024121613374367500_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1989.03430050080031","article-title":"The controversy over radiation safety. A historical overview","volume":"262","author":"Walker","year":"1989","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2024121613374367500_ref22","first-page":"1289","article-title":"Action physiologique des rayons du radium","volume":"132","author":"Bequerel","year":"1901","journal-title":"C R Seances Acad Sci"},{"key":"2024121613374367500_ref23","first-page":"371","article-title":"Necrosis of the jaw in workers employed in applying a luminous paint containing radium","volume":"7","author":"Castle","year":"1925","journal-title":"J Indust Hyg"},{"key":"2024121613374367500_ref24","first-page":"73","article-title":"Radium poisoning revealed: a case study in the history of industrial health reform","volume":"19","author":"Clark","year":"1993","journal-title":"Humboldt J Soc Relat"},{"volume-title":"Management of Persons Accidentally Contaminated with Radionuclides","year":"1997","author":"National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP)","key":"2024121613374367500_ref25"},{"key":"2024121613374367500_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3S","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2010.07.024","article-title":"The history of radiation use in medicine","volume":"53","author":"Reed","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"volume-title":"Atomic Doctors: Conscience and Complicity at the Dawn of the Nuclear Age","year":"2020","author":"Nolan","key":"2024121613374367500_ref27"},{"key":"2024121613374367500_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12706","article-title":"History of biological warfare and bioterrorism","volume":"20","author":"Barras","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2024121613374367500_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S47","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.embor.embor849","article-title":"The history of biological warfare human experimentation, modern nightmares and lone madmen in the twentieth century","volume":"4","author":"Frischknecht","year":"2003","journal-title":"EMBO Rep"},{"key":"2024121613374367500_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03550050074036","article-title":"Biological warfare. A historical perspective","volume":"278","author":"Christopher","year":"1997","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2024121613374367500_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0504.990411","article-title":"Potential biological weapons threats","volume":"5","author":"Kortepeter","year":"1999","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024121613374367500_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4566","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.12.4566-4567.2001","article-title":"Molecular investigation of the Aum Shinrikyo anthrax release in Kameido, Japan","volume":"39","author":"Keim","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2024121613374367500_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5113.1","article-title":"Alfred Nobel","volume":"1","author":"Jorpes","year":"1959","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"2024121613374367500_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5041\/RMMJ.10311","article-title":"Alfred Nobel and his prizes: from dynamite to DNA","volume":"8","author":"Lichtman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rambam Maimonides Med J"},{"volume-title":"The Nobel Prize in Physics","year":"1903","author":"The Nobel Foundation","key":"2024121613374367500_ref35"},{"volume-title":"Pierre Curie-Facts. The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903","author":"The Nobel Foundation","key":"2024121613374367500_ref36"},{"author":"The Nobel Foundation","key":"2024121613374367500_ref37"},{"key":"2024121613374367500_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00144-6","article-title":"Polonium-210 poisoning: a first-hand account","volume":"388","author":"Nathwani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"author":"The Guardian","article-title":"World news: inquiry into theft of radioactive waste. London UK, 2001","key":"2024121613374367500_ref39"},{"volume-title":"The INES Scale","author":"International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) IAEA News","key":"2024121613374367500_ref40"},{"volume-title":"Accident Reports","author":"International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) IAEA Topics","key":"2024121613374367500_ref41"},{"volume-title":"Events","author":"International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) IAEA News","key":"2024121613374367500_ref42"},{"volume-title":"IAEA Incident and Trafficking Database (ITDB): Incidents of nuclear and other radioactive material out of regulatory control 2020 Fact Sheet","author":"International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)","key":"2024121613374367500_ref43"},{"key":"2024121613374367500_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HP.0000175831.11693.e0","article-title":"Reported events of stolen radioactive sources in Texas from 1956 to 2000","volume":"90","author":"Korshunkin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Health Phys"},{"volume-title":"Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About Dirty Bombs","author":"The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","key":"2024121613374367500_ref45"},{"key":"2024121613374367500_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvrad.2023.107166","article-title":"Dirty bomb source term characterization and downwind dispersion: review of experimental evidence","volume":"263","author":"Brambilla","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Environ Radioact"},{"key":"2024121613374367500_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvrad.2023.107296","article-title":"Review of particle deposition to and removal from clothing, skin, and hair after a radioactive airborne dispersal event","volume":"270","author":"Brambilla","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Environ Radioact"},{"key":"2024121613374367500_ref48","first-page":"201","article-title":"Cobalt","volume":"37","author":"Donald","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Toxicol"},{"key":"2024121613374367500_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1595\/205651317X693606","article-title":"Iridium coating: processes, properties and application. Part 1. processes for protection in high-temperature environments against oxidation and corrosion","volume":"61","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Johnson Matthey Technol Rev"},{"author":"Curling","key":"2024121613374367500_ref50"},{"key":"2024121613374367500_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2016150114","article-title":"Blast injuries: from improvised explosive device blasts to the Boston Marathon bombing","volume":"36","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"volume-title":"Response to Theft of the Iridium-192 Non-destructive Testing Equipment","author":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)","key":"2024121613374367500_ref52"},{"volume-title":"G8 Hokkaido Toyako Summit","author":"Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (MOFA)","key":"2024121613374367500_ref53"},{"key":"2024121613374367500_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0b013e3181a6ee32","article-title":"Radiation combined injury: overview of NIAID research","volume":"98","author":"DiCarlo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Health Phys"},{"key":"2024121613374367500_ref55","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Radiological Events and Their Consequences: In Medical Consequences of Radiological and Nuclear Warfare","author":"Woodruff","year":"2012"},{"key":"2024121613374367500_ref56","first-page":"S237","article-title":"Pathology of atomic bomb casualties","volume":"32","author":"Iijima","year":"1982","journal-title":"Acta Pathol Jpn"},{"key":"2024121613374367500_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-200008000-00034","article-title":"Effects of the \u201cspecial bomb\u201d: recollections of a neurosurgeon in Hiroshima, August 8\u201315, 1945","volume":"47","author":"Kishi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"volume-title":"UNSCEAR 1988 Report to the General Assembly, With Annexes. Annex G","year":"1988","author":"United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR)","key":"2024121613374367500_ref58"},{"volume-title":"Field Manual US Department of the Army","year":"2001","author":"Flynn","key":"2024121613374367500_ref59"},{"key":"2024121613374367500_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S32","DOI":"10.1001\/dmp.2011.17","article-title":"Radiation injury after a nuclear detonation: medical consequences and the need for scarce resources allocation","volume":"5","author":"Dicarlo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Disaster Med Public Health Prep"},{"key":"2024121613374367500_ref61","first-page":"S69","article-title":"Chernobyl experience: biological indicators of exposure to ionizing radiation","volume":"13","author":"Baranov","year":"1995","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"2024121613374367500_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"043502","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6498\/ac9e61","article-title":"Combined radiation burn injuries: a note","volume":"42","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Radiol Prot"},{"key":"2024121613374367500_ref63","first-page":"202","volume-title":"The Biological Basis of Radiation Protection Practice","author":"Ledney","year":"1992"},{"key":"2024121613374367500_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S269","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.5530150736","article-title":"Acute radiation disease and biological dosimetry in 1993","volume":"15","author":"Vorobiev","year":"1997","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"2024121613374367500_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-195209000-00018","article-title":"The influence of external body radiation on mortality from thermal burns","volume":"136","author":"Brooks","year":"1952","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"2024121613374367500_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncu318","article-title":"Radioactive source security: the cultural challenges","volume":"164","author":"Englefield","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiat Prot Dosim"}],"container-title":["Journal of Radiation Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jrr\/article-pdf\/65\/Supplement_1\/i24\/61199280\/rrae037.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jrr\/article-pdf\/65\/Supplement_1\/i24\/61199280\/rrae037.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T13:38:05Z","timestamp":1734356285000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jrr\/article\/65\/Supplement_1\/i24\/7924269"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Supplement_1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jrr\/rrae037","relation":{},"ISSN":["0449-3060","1349-9157"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0449-3060"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1349-9157"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}}}