{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T10:50:44Z","timestamp":1771843844608,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,18]],"date-time":"2024-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Brainstem metastases are challenging to manage owing to the critical neurological structures involved. Although stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) offers targeted high doses while minimizing damage to adjacent normal tissues, the optimal dose fractionation remains undefined. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of multifraction SRT with an inhomogeneous dose distribution. This retrospective study included 31 patients who underwent 33 treatments for 35 brainstem lesions using linear accelerator-based multifraction SRT (30\u00a0Gy in five fractions, 35\u00a0Gy in five fractions or 42\u00a0Gy in 10 fractions) with an inhomogeneous dose distribution (median isodose, 51.9%). The outcomes of interest were local failure, toxicity and symptomatic failure. The median follow-up time after brainstem SRT for a lesion was 18.6\u00a0months (interquartile range, 10.0\u201324.3\u00a0months; range, 1.8\u201339.0\u00a0months). Grade 2 toxicities were observed in two lesions, and local failure occurred in three lesions. No grade 3 or higher toxicities were observed. The 1-year local and symptomatic failure rates were 8.8 and 16.7%, respectively. Toxicity was observed in two of seven treatments with a gross tumor volume (GTV) greater than 1\u00a0cc, whereas no toxicity was observed in treatments with a GTV less than 1\u00a0cc. No clear association was observed between the biologically effective dose of the maximum brainstem dose and the occurrence of toxicity. Our findings indicate that multifraction SRT with an inhomogeneous dose distribution offers a favorable balance between local control and toxicity in brainstem metastases. Larger multicenter studies are needed to validate these results and determine the optimal dose fractionation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rrae057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]],"date-time":"2024-07-17T15:24:58Z","timestamp":1721229898000},"page":"658-666","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Multifraction stereotactic radiotherapy utilizing inhomogeneous dose distribution for brainstem metastases: a single-center retrospective analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Toshiki","family":"Ikawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute , 3-1-69 Otemae, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-8567 , Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naoyuki","family":"Kanayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute , 3-1-69 Otemae, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-8567 , Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hideyuki","family":"Arita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka International Cancer Institute , 3-1-69 Otemae, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-8567 , Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koji","family":"Takano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka International Cancer Institute , 3-1-69 Otemae, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-8567 , Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mio","family":"Sakai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Osaka International Cancer Institute , 3-1-69 Otemae, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-8567 , Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Morimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute , 3-1-69 Otemae, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-8567 , Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazunori","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute , 3-1-69 Otemae, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-8567 , Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yutaro","family":"Yoshino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute , 3-1-69 Otemae, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-8567 , Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Setsuo","family":"Tamenaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute , 3-1-69 Otemae, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-8567 , Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koji","family":"Konishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation 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