{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:43:04Z","timestamp":1790793784435,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]],"date-time":"2024-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare for Health Sciences Research in Japan","award":["21EA1010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21EA1010"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare for Health Sciences Research in Japan","award":["23EA1012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23EA1012"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The current research on staffing models is primarily focused on conventional external photon beam therapy, which predominantly involves using linear accelerators. This emphasizes the need for comprehensive studies to understand better and define specific particle therapy facilities\u2019 staffing requirements. In a 2022 survey of 25 particle therapy facilities in Japan with an 84% response rate, significant insights were obtained regarding workload distribution, defined as the product of personnel count and task time (person-minutes), for patient-related tasks and equipment quality assurance and quality control (QA\/QC). The survey revealed that machinery QA\/QC tasks were particularly demanding, with an average monthly workload of 376.9\u00a0min and weekly tasks averaging 162.1\u00a0min. In comparison, patient-related workloads focused on treatment planning, exhibiting substantial time commitments, particularly for scanning and passive scattering techniques. The average workloads for treatment planning per patient were 291.3 and 195.4\u00a0min, respectively. In addition, specific patient scenarios such as pre-treatment sedation in pediatric cases require longer durations (averaging 84.5\u00a0min), which likely include the workloads of not only the physician responsible for sedation but also the radiotherapy technology and medical physics specialists providing support during sedation and the nursing staff involved in sedation care. These findings underscore the significant time investments required for machinery QA\/QC and patient-specific treatment planning in particle therapy facilities, along with the need for specialized care procedures in pediatric cases. The results of this survey also emphasized the challenges and staffing requirements to ensure QA\/QC in high-precision medical environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rrae092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T16:15:30Z","timestamp":1730391330000},"page":"52-64","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Clinical workload profile of medical physics professionals at particle therapy Centers: a National Survey in Japan"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Seiichi","family":"Ota","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Radiological Technology , Department of Medical Technology, , 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"University Hospital, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine , Department of Medical Technology, , 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keisuke","family":"Yasui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Physics , School of Medical Sciences, , 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukakecho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Fujita Health University , School of Medical Sciences, , 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukakecho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshiyuki","family":"Ogata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku , Kyoto 602-8566,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yutaro","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba , 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teiji","family":"Nishio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Physics Laboratory , Division of Health Science, , Osaka University, 1-7 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Graduate School of Medicine , Division of Health Science, , Osaka University, 1-7 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Tohyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiological Sciences, Komazawa University , 1-23-1 Komazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 154-8525,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Okamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiation Safety and Quality Assurance Division, National Cancer Center Hospital , 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiko","family":"Kurooka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Therapy, Tokyo Medical University Hospital , 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kohei","family":"Shimomura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiological Technology , Faculty of Medical Science, , 1-3 Sonobechooyamahigashimachi, Nantan-shi, Kyoto 622-0041,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Kyoto College of Medical Science , Faculty of Medical Science, , 1-3 Sonobechooyamahigashimachi, Nantan-shi, Kyoto 622-0041,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toru","family":"Kojima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, 780 Komuro, Ina-machi , Saitama 362-0806,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Onishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Yamanashi School of Medicine , 1110 Shimokato, Chuo-shi, Yamanashi 409-3898,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025012319221658900_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2023.09.036","article-title":"Carbon-ion radiation therapy for unresectable locally recurrent colorectal cancer: a promising curative treatment for both radiation therapy: naive cases and Reirradiation cases","volume":"118","author":"Takiyama","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"2025012319221658900_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161752","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1161752","article-title":"The role of particle radiotherapy in the treatment of skull base tumors","volume":"13","author":"Iannalfi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"2025012319221658900_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2016.11.006","article-title":"Proton therapy - present and future","volume":"109","author":"Mohan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"2025012319221658900_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2018.10.003","article-title":"Current status of proton therapy outcome for paediatric cancers of the central nervous system - analysis of the published literature","volume":"70","author":"Huynh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev"},{"key":"2025012319221658900_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3560","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.32938","article-title":"Second cancer risk after primary cancer treatment with three-dimensional conformal, intensity-modulated, or proton beam radiation therapy","volume":"126","author":"Xiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2025012319221658900_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(18)30931-8","article-title":"Risk of subsequent primary cancers after carbon ion radiotherapy, photon radiotherapy, or surgery for localised prostate cancer: a propensity score-weighted, retrospective, cohort study","volume":"20","author":"Mohamad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"2025012319221658900_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2013.04.030","article-title":"Incidence of second malignancies among patients treated with proton versus photon radiation","volume":"87","author":"Chung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"2025012319221658900_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rrab129","article-title":"Japanese structure survey of radiation oncology in 2015","volume":"63","author":"Numasaki","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Radiat Res"},{"key":"2025012319221658900_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rraa047","article-title":"Japanese structure survey of radiation oncology in 2013","volume":"61","author":"Numasaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Radiat Res"},{"key":"2025012319221658900_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rrz077","article-title":"Japanese structure survey of radiation oncology in 2012","volume":"61","author":"Numasaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Radiat Res"},{"key":"2025012319221658900_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rry044","article-title":"Japanese structure survey of radiation oncology in 2010","volume":"60","author":"Numasaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Radiat Res"},{"key":"2025012319221658900_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rrad070","article-title":"A national survey on the medical physics workload of external beam radiotherapy in Japan","volume":"64","author":"Tohyama","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Radiat Res"},{"key":"2025012319221658900_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.13364","article-title":"COMP Report: an updated algorithm to estimate medical physics staffing levels for radiation oncology","volume":"22","author":"Malkoske","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Appl Clin Med Phys"},{"key":"2025012319221658900_ref14","volume-title":"Policy Statement: Recommendations for the Provision of a Physics Service to Radiotherapy","author":"Institute of Physics in Engineering and Medicine"},{"key":"2025012319221658900_ref15","year":"2015"},{"key":"2025012319221658900_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2017.07.012","article-title":"Profile of European proton and carbon ion therapy centers assessed by the EORTC facility questionnaire","volume":"124","author":"Weber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"2025012319221658900_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2016.01.040","article-title":"Practice patterns analysis of ocular proton therapy Centers: the international OPTIC survey","volume":"95","author":"Hrbacek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"2025012319221658900_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s12194-023-00739-w","article-title":"Current status of the educational environment to acquire and maintain the professional skills of radiotherapy technology and medical physics specialists in Japan: a nationwide survey","volume":"16","author":"Hayashi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiol Phys Technol"},{"key":"2025012319221658900_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e236","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.14030","article-title":"Strategies for effective physics plan and chart review in radiation therapy: report of AAPM task group 275","volume":"47","author":"Ford","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"2025012319221658900_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2018.02.009","article-title":"Concepts of PTV and robustness in passively scattered and pencil beam scanning proton therapy","volume":"28","author":"Langen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"2025012319221658900_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-019-1335-8","article-title":"Statistical evaluation of worst-case robust optimization intensity-modulated proton therapy plans using an exhaustive sampling approach","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"2025012319221658900_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.12291","article-title":"Robust optimization in lung treatment plans accounting for geometric uncertainty","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Appl Clin Med Phys"},{"key":"2025012319221658900_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2012.01.063","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of workload and stressors in clinical radiation oncology","volume":"83","author":"Mazur","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"2025012319221658900_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rrad090","article-title":"Revolutionizing radiation therapy: the role of AI in clinical practice","volume":"65","author":"Kawamura","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Radiat Res"},{"key":"2025012319221658900_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2020.04.012","article-title":"The changing role of radiation oncology professionals in a world of AI \u2013 just jobs lost \u2013 or a solution to the under-provision of radiotherapy?","volume":"26","author":"Korreman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Transl Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"2025012319221658900_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2019.06.001","article-title":"Using artificial intelligence to improve the quality and safety of radiation therapy","volume":"16","author":"Pillai","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Coll Radiol"},{"key":"2025012319221658900_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2016.08.001","article-title":"Automatic treatment planning improves the clinical quality of head and neck cancer treatment plans","volume":"1","author":"Hansen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Transl Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"2025012319221658900_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2013.08.007","article-title":"Multi-institutional quantitative evaluation and clinical validation of smart probabilistic image contouring engine (SPICE) autosegmentation of target structures and normal tissues on computer tomography images in the head and neck, thorax, liver, and male pelvis areas","volume":"87","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"2025012319221658900_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tipsro.2021.02.004","article-title":"Advanced practice in radiotherapy: how to move to the next level?","volume":"17","author":"Tsang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tech Innov Patient Support Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"2025012319221658900_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e678","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.13622","article-title":"AAPM task group 224: comprehensive proton therapy machine quality assurance","volume":"46","author":"Arjomandy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"2025012319221658900_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers10030066","article-title":"Evolution of carbon ion radiotherapy at the National Institute of Radiological Sciences in Japan","volume":"10","author":"Mohamad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"2025012319221658900_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rrad085","article-title":"Current status of remote radiotherapy treatment planning in Japan: findings from a national survey\u2020","volume":"65","author":"Saito","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Radiat Res"},{"key":"2025012319221658900_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.13140","article-title":"Long-term follow-up after proton beam therapy for pediatric tumors: a Japanese national survey","volume":"108","author":"Mizumoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Sci"},{"key":"2025012319221658900_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22976","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.25165","article-title":"Carbon ion radiotherapy for inoperable pediatric osteosarcoma","volume":"9","author":"Mohamad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"2025012319221658900_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rrad022","article-title":"Analysis of person-hours required for proton beam therapy for pediatric tumors","volume":"64","author":"Mizumoto","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Radiat Res"},{"key":"2025012319221658900_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2015.01.007","article-title":"Preparation of pediatric patients for treatment with proton beam therapy","volume":"114","author":"Mizumoto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"2025012319221658900_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adro.2017.03.004","article-title":"Patient-reported distress and survival among patients receiving definitive radiation therapy","volume":"2","author":"Habboush","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"2025012319221658900_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2022.10.011","article-title":"A direct patient-provider relationship with the medical physicist reduces anxiety in patients receiving radiation therapy","volume":"115","author":"Burmeister","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"2025012319221658900_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.14338\/IJPT-20-00006.1","article-title":"The importance of verification CT-QA scans in patients treated with IMPT for head and neck cancers","volume":"7","author":"Evans","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Part Ther"}],"container-title":["Journal of Radiation Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jrr\/article-pdf\/66\/1\/52\/61000363\/rrae092.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jrr\/article-pdf\/66\/1\/52\/61000363\/rrae092.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T14:22:32Z","timestamp":1737642152000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jrr\/article\/66\/1\/52\/7918309"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jrr\/rrae092","relation":{},"ISSN":["0449-3060","1349-9157"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0449-3060","type":"print"},{"value":"1349-9157","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]]}}}