{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T23:00:16Z","timestamp":1789426816054,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]],"date-time":"2025-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756512000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and High Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["AP19678341"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP19678341"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["JP26257501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP26257501"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["19H01149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19H01149"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Environmental Radioactivity Research Network Center","award":["F-22-14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F-22-14"]}]},{"name":"Environmental Radioactivity Research Network Center","award":["F-23-14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F-23-14"]}]},{"name":"Environmental Radioactivity Research Network Center","award":["I-24-09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I-24-09"]}]},{"name":"Environmental Radioactivity Research Network Center","award":["F-24-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F-24-04"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Studies on health effects of radiation exposure to residents around the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site (SNTS), Kazakhstan, are necessary for epidemiological assessment of radiation-related health risks after low-dose irradiation. Radiation dose estimates are the principal point for radiation epidemiological studies. These estimates should be based on the most reliable initial data, used for dose estimations. The comparative critical analysis of various available archival and published initial data, namely values of historical exposure dose rates and values of soil contamination by 137Cs in considered settlements, including information about dates, times and locations of measurements, was performed with the aim to select most reliable and realistic initial data necessary for estimation of settlement-average accumulated external doses for some settlements located in the vicinity of radioactive clouds\u2019 trajectories related to the most significant tests at the SNTS. Results of estimation of accumulated external radiation dose to air, based on these selected initial data, are presented for 18 settlements. Calculated accumulated external doses were compared with retrospective instrumental dose estimates for settlements, where data on TL\/OSL luminescence retrospective dosimetry with quartz-containing samples or electron spin resonance (ESR) dosimetry with tooth enamel were available. Estimation of settlement-average external radiation dose to air is the first important step necessary for the next step\u2014individualized radiation dose estimations among different age, professional and ethnic-specific groups of population lived in the study settlements considering behavior, shielding, location and relocation factors in each population group. This is a subject of future work.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rraf049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]],"date-time":"2025-08-30T15:05:37Z","timestamp":1756566337000},"page":"496-508","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["External radiation dose reconstruction for settlements near the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site, Kazakhstan, in the international multicenter study: a detailed review and comparative analysis of the initial data"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6761-378X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeriy","family":"Stepanenko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"A. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Centre - Branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation , 4 Koroleva St., Obninsk, Kaluga Region, 2490036 ,","place":["Russian Federation"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0844-4733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergey","family":"Shinkarev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency , 46 Zhivopisnaya St., Moscow, 123098 ,","place":["Russian Federation"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6980-999X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Lipikhina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Research Institute of Radiation Medicine and Ecology of the non-commercial joint-stock company \u00abSemey Medical University\u00bb , 258 Gagarin St., Semey, 071407 ,","place":["Republic of Kazakhstan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5759-6325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazbek","family":"Apsalikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Research Institute of Radiation Medicine and Ecology of the non-commercial joint-stock company \u00abSemey Medical University\u00bb , 258 Gagarin St., Semey, 071407 ,","place":["Republic of Kazakhstan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8784-8415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrey","family":"Kaprin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation , 4 Koroleva St., Obninsk, Kaluga Region, 2490036 ,","place":["Russian Federation"]},{"name":"Peoples\u2019 Friendship University of Russia , 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow, 117198 ,","place":["Russian Federation"]},{"name":"P.A. Hertzen Moscow Oncology Research Institute \u2013 branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 2nd Botkinsky Drive 3 , Moscow, 125284 ,","place":["Russian Federation"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergey","family":"Ivanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Centre - Branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation , 4 Koroleva St., Obninsk, Kaluga Region, 2490036 ,","place":["Russian Federation"]},{"name":"Peoples\u2019 Friendship University of Russia , 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow, 117198 ,","place":["Russian Federation"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9755-1164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Shegay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation , 4 Koroleva St., Obninsk, Kaluga Region, 2490036 ,","place":["Russian Federation"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4729-1733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evgenia","family":"Ostroumova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment and Lifestyle Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer\/WHO , 25 avenue Tony Garnier, Lyon, 69366 ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2901-8488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viktoria","family":"Bogacheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Centre - Branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation , 4 Koroleva St., Obninsk, Kaluga Region, 2490036 ,","place":["Russian Federation"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8988-732X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuliya","family":"Brait","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Research Institute of Radiation Medicine and Ecology of the non-commercial joint-stock company \u00abSemey Medical University\u00bb , 258 Gagarin St., Semey, 071407 ,","place":["Republic of Kazakhstan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0205-4585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kassym","family":"Zhumadilov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University , 13 Munaitpasova St., Office 300, Astana, 010008 ,","place":["Republic of Kazakhstan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masayoshi","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Low-Level Radioactivity Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University , Wakemachi O24, Nomi, Ishikawa, 923-1224 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1518-4028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aya","family":"Sakaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences , University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577 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,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6978-0883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masaharu","family":"Hoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center for Peace, Hiroshima University Higashisenda-machi 1-1-89 , Naka-ku, Hiroshima, 730-0053 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025092423163358000_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1667\/RR3536.1","article-title":"Dosimetry for epidemiological studies: learning from the past, looking to the future","volume":"166","author":"Simon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"key":"2025092423163358000_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1667\/RR3172.1","article-title":"Review of methods of dose estimation for epidemiological studies of the radiological impact of 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consequences of nuclear tests","volume":"47","author":"Stepanenko","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Radiat Res"},{"key":"2025092423163358000_ref6","article-title":"Workshop on dosimetry of the population living in the proximity of the Semipalatinsk atomic weapons test site","author":"Lindholm"},{"key":"2025092423163358000_ref7","article-title":"International Agency for Research on Cancer","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)"},{"key":"2025092423163358000_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5195\/cajgh.2015.127","article-title":"Studies of health effects from nuclear testing near the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site, Kazakhstan","volume":"4","author":"Grosche","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cent Asian J Glob Health"},{"key":"2025092423163358000_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-018-0762-5","article-title":"The state scientific automated medical registry, Kazakhstan: an important resource for low-dose radiation 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Guidelines","author":"Apsalikov","year":"2019"},{"key":"2025092423163358000_ref18","first-page":"5","article-title":"Radio-ecological situation in regions of Kazakhstan SSR in the vicinity of Semipalatinsk test site","volume":"4","author":"Deriglazov","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nuclear Energy Public Information Center Bulletin"},{"key":"2025092423163358000_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7174","DOI":"10.36478\/jeasci.2019.7174.7178","article-title":"Current state of the radiation situation in Sarapan and Zhanan settlements located on the territory of the former Semipalatinsk nuclear test site, Kazakhstan","volume":"14","author":"Murzalimova","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Eng Appl Sci"},{"key":"2025092423163358000_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.18799\/24131830\/2019\/4\/236","article-title":"Indicators of nuclear technogenesis on the example of the territories adjacent to the former Semipalatinsk test site","volume":"330","author":"Jambayev","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University"},{"key":"2025092423163358000_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s004110050072","article-title":"The Semipalatinsk nuclear test site: a first assessment of the radiological situation and the test-related radiation doses in the surrounding territories","volume":"36","author":"Gusev","year":"1997","journal-title":"Radiat Environ Biophys"},{"key":"2025092423163358000_ref22","volume-title":"Health Effects of Radiation Associated with Nuclear Weapons Testing at the Semipalatinsk Test Site","author":"Nugent","year":"2000"},{"key":"2025092423163358000_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1269\/jrr.40.337","article-title":"External doses of residents near Semipalatinsk nuclear test site","volume":"40","author":"Takada","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Radiat Res"},{"key":"2025092423163358000_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-58776-4_3","article-title":"Chronological list of nuclear tests at the Semipalatinsk test site and their radiation effects","volume":"36","author":"Matuschenko","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nuclear Tests NATO ASI Series"},{"key":"2025092423163358000_ref25","author":"Tsyb"},{"key":"2025092423163358000_ref26","first-page":"5","article-title":"Radiation conditions beyond the bounds of Semipalatinsk nuclear test site","volume":"9","author":"Dubasov","year":"1993","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Center for Public Information on Atomic Energy"},{"key":"2025092423163358000_ref27","first-page":"78","article-title":"Chronological list of the atmospheric nuclear tests at the Semipalatinsk test site and their radiadiological characteristics","volume":"4","author":"Dubasov","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bulletin of the scientific program \"Semipalatinsk test site-Altai\""},{"key":"2025092423163358000_ref28","first-page":"27","article-title":"The reconstruction of Altay region population irradiation doses due to the nuclear explosion of August 29, 1949","volume":"1","author":"Loborev","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bulletin of the scientific program \u201cSemipalatinsk test site-Altai\u201d"},{"key":"2025092423163358000_ref29","first-page":"297","volume-title":"Proceedings of the second Hiroshima International Symposium","author":"Hoshi","year":"1996"},{"key":"2025092423163358000_ref30","first-page":"51","article-title":"Radiation doses among residents of the cities of Semipalatinsk, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kurchatov and the settlement Chagan as a result of nuclear tests at the Semipalatinsk test site","volume":"13","author":"Loborev","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bulletin of the scientific program \u201cSemipalatinsk test site-Altai\u201d"},{"key":"2025092423163358000_ref31","article-title":"Zones of the Altai territory subjected to radiation exposure during nuclear tests at the Semipalatinsk test site","volume":"2","author":"Shoikhet","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bulletin of the scientific program \u201cSemipalatinsk test site - Altai\u201d"},{"key":"2025092423163358000_ref32","article-title":"Dynamics of the parameters of the radiation-hygienic situation formed as a result of nuclear tests at the Semipalatinsk test site in the adjacent areas of the Semipalatinsk region (retrospective assessment for 1953\u20131996)"},{"key":"2025092423163358000_ref33","author":"Mikhailov"},{"key":"2025092423163358000_ref34","first-page":"319","volume-title":"Nuclear Tests in the USSR. Semipalatinsk Test Site. Providing of General and Radiation Safety of Nuclear Tests. Prepared by a Group of Experts","author":"Logachev","year":"1997"},{"key":"2025092423163358000_ref35","volume-title":"Nuclear Tests by the USSR. Vol. 1. Aims. General Characteristics. Organization of Nuclear Tests of the USSR. 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contaminated by the first USSR nuclear test in the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site in Kazakhstan","volume":"49","author":"Imanaka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Radiat Environ Biophys"},{"key":"2025092423163358000_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-010-0334-9","article-title":"Behavior and food consumption pattern of the population exposed in 1949\u20131962 to fallout from Semipalatinsk nuclear test site in Kazakhstan","volume":"50","author":"Drozdovitch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiat Environ Biophys"},{"key":"2025092423163358000_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A143","DOI":"10.1269\/jrr.47.A143","article-title":"External dose estimates for Dolon village: application of the U.S.\/Russian joint methodology","volume":"47","author":"Simon","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Radiat Res"},{"key":"2025092423163358000_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0000000000001501","article-title":"Dose estimation for exposure to radioactive fallout from nuclear detonations","volume":"122","author":"Simon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Phys"},{"key":"2025092423163358000_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0000000000001504","article-title":"A methodology for estimating external doses to individuals and populations exposed to radioactive fallout from nuclear detonations","volume":"122","author":"Bouville","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Phys"},{"key":"2025092423163358000_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rrad082","article-title":"Comparison of external dose estimates using different retrospective dosimetry methods in the settlements located near Semipalatinsk nuclear test site, Republic of 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