{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T06:01:02Z","timestamp":1784959262382,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012330","name":"Okayama University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012330","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Japan Atomic Energy Agency Joint Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Enhancing antioxidant function is a key strategy for preventing and treating oxidative stress-related diseases. Radon inhalation and thermal treatment (TT) increase the levels of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD). The positive effects of this combination on pain-related diseases have been reported; however, few studies have elucidated the underlying mechanisms. In this study, we examined the enhancement of antioxidant function in various organs of mice subjected to combined TT and radon inhalation. The mice were placed in an incubator once daily for 40\u00a0min at 38.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.5\u00b0C and treated for 1, 3 and 7\u00a0days. The mice then inhaled radon at a concentration of 2000\u00a0Bq\/m3 for 24\u00a0h. The characteristic changes in antioxidant function following combined TT and radon inhalation could be categorized into four groups: (i) increased antioxidant function in the brain and colon; (ii) increased or decreased antioxidant function, as observed in the kidney; (iii) decreased antioxidant function, such as in the lungs and (iv) no changes, such as in the small intestine, spleen, pancreas, heart, liver and stomach. Additionally, SOD may be the antioxidant enzyme most sensitive to combined TT and radon treatment. Collectively, the combined treatment may be the most effective in activating antioxidative functions in the brain and colon. This study provides new insights into the effects of combined TT and radon inhalation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rrag049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T11:21:59Z","timestamp":1783941719000},"page":"538-549","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enhancement of antioxidant function in various organs in mice using combined thermal and radon inhalation treatment"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Shogo","family":"Miyanaga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University , 5-1 Shikata-cho 2-chome, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayumi","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University , 5-1 Shikata-cho 2-chome, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reiju","family":"Takenaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University , 5-1 Shikata-cho 2-chome, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shota","family":"Naoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningyo-toge Environmental Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency , 1550 Kamisaibara, Kagamino-cho, Tomata-gun, Okayama 708-0698 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuna","family":"Goto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University , 5-1 Shikata-cho 2-chome, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitsuki","family":"Nagano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University , 5-1 Shikata-cho 2-chome, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kotaro","family":"Tano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University , 5-1 Shikata-cho 2-chome, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6649-0223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norie","family":"Kanzaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningyo-toge Environmental Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency , 1550 Kamisaibara, Kagamino-cho, Tomata-gun, Okayama 708-0698 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6270-6661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akihiro","family":"Sakoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningyo-toge Environmental Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency , 1550 Kamisaibara, Kagamino-cho, Tomata-gun, Okayama 708-0698 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0518-9186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kiyonori","family":"Yamaoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Okayama University , 5-1 Shikata-cho 2-chome, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0686-0741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takahiro","family":"Kataoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Okayama University , 5-1 Shikata-cho 2-chome, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026072501222051800_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-200101000-00002","article-title":"Reactive oxygen radicals in signaling and damage in the ischemic brain","volume":"21","author":"Chan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"2026072501222051800_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70014","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.70014","article-title":"Overview of oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetes","volume":"16","author":"Sibony","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Diabetes"},{"key":"2026072501222051800_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14121494","article-title":"Oxidative stress in liver metabolic dysfunction and diseases, with a focus on hepatogenic diabetes: effect of alcohol consumption","volume":"14","author":"Contreras-Zentella","year":"2025","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"2026072501222051800_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/39.8.894","article-title":"Long-term efficacy of radon spa therapy in rheumatoid arthritis - a randomized, sham-controlled study and follow-up","volume":"39","author":"Franke","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"2026072501222051800_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-006-0293-2","article-title":"Long-term benefit of radon spa therapy in the rehabilitation of rheumatoid arthritis: a randomised, double-blinded trial","volume":"27","author":"Franke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"2026072501222051800_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-003-0419-8","article-title":"Radon therapy for the treatment of rheumatic diseases - review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials","volume":"25","author":"Falkenbach","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"2026072501222051800_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2783","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-016-3236-7","article-title":"The impact of serial radon and hyperthermia exposure in a therapeutic adit on pivotal cytokines of bone metabolism in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis","volume":"35","author":"Lange","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"2026072501222051800_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2003.09.005","article-title":"Study on biologic effects of radon and thermal therapy on osteoarthritis","volume":"5","author":"Yamaoka","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"2026072501222051800_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1269\/jrr.44.95","article-title":"Elevation of antioxidant enzymes in the clinical effects of radon and thermal therapy for bronchial asthma","volume":"44","author":"Mitsunobu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Radiat Res"},{"key":"2026072501222051800_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1269\/jrr.10072","article-title":"Study of the response of superoxide dismutase in mouse organs to radon using a new large-scale facility for exposing small animals to radon","volume":"52","author":"Kataoka","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Radiat Res"},{"key":"2026072501222051800_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-014-9896-z","article-title":"Radon inhalation protects against transient global cerebral ischemic injury in gerbils","volume":"37","author":"Kataoka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"2026072501222051800_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382801","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/382801","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of pretreatment with radon on acute alcohol-induced hepatopathy in mice","volume":"2012","author":"Toyota","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mediat Inflamm"},{"key":"2026072501222051800_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.932317","article-title":"Suppression of streptozotocin-induced type-1 diabetes in mice by radon inhalation","volume":"62","author":"Nishiyama","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol Res"},{"key":"2026072501222051800_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2004.03.020","article-title":"Age-related changes of antioxidant enzyme activities, glutathione status and lipid peroxidation in rat erythrocytes after heat stress","volume":"75","author":"Ozt\u00fcrk","year":"2004","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"2026072501222051800_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0242279","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0242279","article-title":"Heat and dehydration induced oxidative damage and antioxidant defenses following incubator heat stress and a simulated heat wave in wild caught four-striped field mice Rhabdomys dilectus","volume":"15","author":"Jacobs","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026072501222051800_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1269\/jrr.45.83","article-title":"Biochemical comparison between radon effects and thermal effects on humans in radon hot spring therapy","volume":"45","author":"Yamaoka","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Radiat Res"},{"key":"2026072501222051800_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rraa022","article-title":"X-irradiation at 0.5 Gy after the forced swim test reduces forced swimming-induced immobility in mice","volume":"61","author":"Kataoka","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Radiat Res"},{"key":"2026072501222051800_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rraa129","article-title":"Evaluation of the redox state in mouse organs following radon inhalation","volume":"62","author":"Kataoka","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Radiat Res"},{"key":"2026072501222051800_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1080\/18811248.2010.9711649","article-title":"Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of inhaled radon to calculate absorbed doses in mice, rats, and humans","volume":"47","author":"Sakoda","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Nucl Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026072501222051800_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-013-0478-5","article-title":"Absorbed doses of lungs from radon retained in airway lumens of mice and rats","volume":"52","author":"Sakoda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiat Environ Biophys"},{"key":"2026072501222051800_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rrx048","article-title":"Radon inhalation induces manganese-superoxide dismutase in mouse brain via nuclear factor-\u03baB activation","volume":"58","author":"Kataoka","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Radiat Res"},{"key":"2026072501222051800_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2016.08.032","article-title":"The antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2 contributes to the protective effect of mild thermotolerance (40 \u00b0C) against heat shock-induced apoptosis","volume":"99","author":"Glory","year":"2016","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"2026072501222051800_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1080\/00223131.2015.1014875","article-title":"Combined effects of radon inhalation and antioxidant vitamin administration on acute alcohol-induced hepatopathy in mice","volume":"52","author":"Etani","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Nucl Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026072501222051800_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6678457","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6678457","article-title":"Heat shock proteins in oxidative stress and ischemia\/reperfusion injury and benefits from physical exercises: a review to the current knowledge","volume":"2021","author":"Szyller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxidative Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"2026072501222051800_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2016.08.002","article-title":"The molecular chaperone Hsp70 promotes the proteolytic removal of oxidatively damaged proteins by the proteasome","volume":"99","author":"Reeg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"2026072501222051800_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5164","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/cdf528","article-title":"Mouse heat shock transcription factor 1 deficiency alters cardiac redox homeostasis and increases mitochondrial oxidative damage","volume":"21","author":"Yan","year":"2002","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"2026072501222051800_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5815","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20225815","article-title":"HSF1Base: a comprehensive database of HSF1 (heat shock factor 1) target genes","volume":"20","author":"Kov\u00e1cs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026072501222051800_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1007\/s12192-009-0109-x","article-title":"Heat stress upregulates chaperone heat shock protein 70 and antioxidant manganese superoxide dismutase through reactive oxygen species (ROS), p38MAPK, and Akt","volume":"14","author":"Mustafi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Stress Chaperones"},{"key":"2026072501222051800_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.2141\/jpsa.44.439","article-title":"Mitochondrial oxidative damage in chicken skeletal muscle induced by acute heat stress","volume":"44","author":"Mujahid","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Poult Sci"},{"key":"2026072501222051800_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/85.7.1259","article-title":"Acute heat stress stimulates mitochondrial superoxide production in broiler skeletal muscle, possibly via downregulation of uncoupling protein content","volume":"85","author":"Mujahid","year":"2006","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"2026072501222051800_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1971.220.4.1053","article-title":"Temperature, skeletal muscle mitochondrial functions, and oxygen debt","volume":"220","author":"Brooks","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am J Phys"},{"key":"2026072501222051800_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(91)90119-N","article-title":"Hsp70 and other possible heat shock or oxidative stress proteins are induced in skeletal muscle, heart, and liver during exercise","volume":"11","author":"Salo","year":"1991","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"2026072501222051800_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1994.77.2.548","article-title":"Hyperthermia stimulates nitric oxide formation: electron paramagnetic resonance detection of .NO-heme in blood","volume":"77","author":"Hall","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026072501222051800_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117815","article-title":"Overexpression of the rat inducible 70-kD heat stress protein in a transgenic mouse increases the resistance of the heart to ischemic injury","volume":"95","author":"Marber","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026072501222051800_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2339","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.6.2339","article-title":"Cardioprotective effects of 70-kDa heat shock protein in transgenic mice","volume":"93","author":"Radford","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026072501222051800_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1006\/jmcc.1998.0680","article-title":"Dissociation of heat shock proteins expression with ischemic tolerance by whole body hyperthermia in rat heart","volume":"30","author":"Qian","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Cardiol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Radiation Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jrr\/article-pdf\/67\/4\/538\/68763837\/rrag049.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jrr\/article-pdf\/67\/4\/538\/68763837\/rrag049.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T05:22:29Z","timestamp":1784956949000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jrr\/article\/67\/4\/538\/8733216"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jrr\/rrag049","relation":{},"ISSN":["0449-3060","1349-9157"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0449-3060","type":"print"},{"value":"1349-9157","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}}}