{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T23:59:15Z","timestamp":1787702355978,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006093","name":"Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006093","name":"PCORI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ME-2021C1-22355"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ME-2021C1-22355"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000092","name":"National Library of Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#1R01LM013361-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#1R01LM013361-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000092","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008743","name":"Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008743","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"AMA Physician Masterfile"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Health Cost Containment Council"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004856","name":"New York State Department of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004856","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004856","name":"NYSDOH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004856","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008145","name":"Florida Agency for Health Care Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008145","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Comparative effectiveness research frequently employs the instrumental variable design since randomized trials can be infeasible. In this study, we investigate treatments for emergency cholecystitis\u2014inflammation of the gallbladder. A standard treatment for cholecystitis is surgical removal of the gallbladder, while alternative non-surgical treatments include managed care and pharmaceutical options. We use an instrument for operative care: the surgeon\u2019s tendency to operate. Standard instrumental variable estimation methods, however, often rely on parametric models that are prone to bias from model misspecification. Thus, we outline instrumental variable methods based on the doubly robust machine learning framework. These methods enable us to employ machine learning techniques, delivering consistent estimates, and permitting valid inference on various estimands. We use these methods to estimate the primary target estimand in an instrumental variable design. Additionally, we expand these methods to develop new estimators for heterogeneous causal effects, profiling principal strata, and sensitivity analyses for a key instrumental variable assumption. We conduct a simulation to identify scenarios where more flexible estimation methods outperform standard methods. Our findings indicate that operative care is generally more effective for cholecystitis patients, although the benefits of surgery can be less pronounced for key patient subgroups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jrsssa\/qnae089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T12:20:22Z","timestamp":1727180422000},"page":"1003-1028","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Doubly robust machine learning-based estimation methods for instrumental variables with an application to surgical care for cholecystitis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"188","author":[{"given":"Kenta","family":"Takatsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University , 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander W","family":"Levis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University , 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University , 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Kelz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania and Leonard David Institute , 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3859-2713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luke","family":"Keele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania , 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4076(02)00201-4","article-title":"Semiparametric instrumental variable estimation of treatment response models","volume":"113","author":"Abadie","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Econometrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1198\/07350010152472571","article-title":"Estimation of limited dependent variable models with dummy endogenous regressors: Simple strategies for empirical practice","volume":"19","author":"Angrist","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Business & Economic Statistics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.2307\/2951620","article-title":"Identification and estimation of local average treatment effects","volume":"62","author":"Angrist","year":"1994","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"issue":"434","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1996.10476902","article-title":"Identification of causal effects using instrumental variables","volume":"91","author":"Angrist","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400829828","volume-title":"Mostly harmless econometrics: An empiricist\u2019s companion","author":"Angrist","year":"2009"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1214\/18-AOS1709","article-title":"Generalized random forests","volume":"47","author":"Athey","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Annals of Statistics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1515\/ijb-2020-0073","article-title":"Doubly robust adaptive LASSO for effect modifier discovery","volume":"18","author":"Bahamyirou","year":"2022","journal-title":"The International Journal of Biostatistics"},{"issue":"13","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.6128","article-title":"Instrumental variable methods for causal inference","volume":"33","author":"Baiocchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Statistics in Medicine"},{"issue":"439","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1997.10474074","article-title":"Bounds on treatment effects from studies with imperfect compliance","volume":"92","author":"Balke","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Bargagli-Stoffi","year":"2019","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1905.12707"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s41060-019-00187-z","article-title":"Causal tree with instrumental variable: An extension of the causal tree framework to irregular assignment mechanisms","volume":"9","author":"Bargagli-Stoffi","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Data Science and Analytics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA12723","article-title":"Program evaluation and causal inference with high-dimensional data","volume":"85","author":"Belloni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B13","article-title":"Deep generalized method of moments for instrumental variable analysis","volume":"32","author":"Bennett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Bibaut","year":"2017","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1706.07408"},{"key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B15","volume-title":"Efficient and adaptive estimation for semiparametric models","author":"Bickel","year":"1993"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwaa089","article-title":"Evaluating a key instrumental variable assumption using randomization tests","volume":"189","author":"Branson","year":"2020","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000193606.58671.c5","article-title":"Evaluating short-term drug effects using a physician-specific prescribing preference as an instrumental variable","volume":"17","author":"Brookhart","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epidemiology (Cambridge, MA)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C1","DOI":"10.1111\/ectj.12097","article-title":"Double\/debiased machine learning for treatment and structural parameters","volume":"21","author":"Chernozhukov","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Econometrics Journal"},{"key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B19","author":"Chernozhukov","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B20","first-page":"135","article-title":"Data-adaptive doubly robust instrumental variable methods for treatment effect heterogeneity","volume":"161","author":"DiazOrdaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Fran\u00e7aise de Statistique"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199801000-00004","article-title":"Comorbidity measures for use with administrative data","volume":"36","author":"Elixhauser","year":"1998","journal-title":"Medical Care"},{"key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Foster","year":"2019","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1901.09036"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/biom.2002.58.issue-1","article-title":"Principal stratification in causal inference","volume":"58","author":"Frangakis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Frauen","year":"2022","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2208.08544"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2006.06.004","article-title":"Nonparametric IV estimation of local average treatment effects with covariates","volume":"139","author":"Fr\u00f6lich","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Econometrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000000362","article-title":"The public health burden of emergency general surgery in the United States: A 10-year analysis of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample\u20142001 to 2010","volume":"77","author":"Gale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/CZFL0619","article-title":"Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of emergency surgery for adult emergency hospital admissions with common acute gastrointestinal conditions: The ESORT study","volume":"11","author":"Grieve","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health and Social Care Delivery Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1214\/18-STS665","article-title":"Nonparametric shape-restricted regression","volume":"33","author":"Guntuboyina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Statistical Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.2307\/2998560","article-title":"On the role of the propensity score in efficient semiparametric estimation of average treatment effects","volume":"66","author":"Hahn","year":"1998","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B30","author":"Hartford","year":"2017"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000000517","article-title":"The excess morbidity and mortality of emergency general surgery","volume":"78","author":"Havens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery"},{"key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B32","volume-title":"Causal inference: What if","author":"Hern\u00e1n","year":"2020"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.v77.8","article-title":"Effectiveness of emergency surgery for five common acute conditions: An instrumental variable analysis of a national routine database","volume":"77","author":"Hutchings","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1214\/14-STS480","article-title":"Instrumental variables: An econometrician\u2019s perspective (with discussion)","volume":"29","author":"Imbens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Statistical Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000005519","article-title":"Operative and nonoperative outcomes of emergency general surgery conditions: An observational study using a novel instrumental variable","volume":"278","author":"Kaufman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annals of Surgery"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000001093","article-title":"Does transfer to intensive care units reduce mortality? A comparison of an instrumental variables design to risk adjustment","volume":"57","author":"Keele","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medical Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20170012","DOI":"10.1515\/em-2017-0012","article-title":"An instrumental variables design for the effect of emergency general surgery","volume":"7","author":"Keele","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epidemiologic Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000001040","article-title":"Falsification tests for instrumental variable designs with an application to tendency to operate","volume":"57","author":"Keele","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medical Care"},{"key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B39","author":"Kennedy","year":"2016"},{"key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Kennedy","year":"2022","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2203.06469"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3008","DOI":"10.1214\/23-EJS2157","article-title":"Towards optimal doubly robust estimation of heterogeneous causal effects","volume":"17","author":"Kennedy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Electronic Journal of Statistics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1214\/24-AOS2369","article-title":"Minimax rates for heterogeneous causal effect estimation","volume":"52","author":"Kennedy","year":"2024","journal-title":"The Annals of Statistics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/asad017","article-title":"Semiparametric counterfactual density estimation","volume":"110","author":"Kennedy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/rssb.12300","article-title":"Robust causal inference with continuous instruments using the local instrumental variable curve","volume":"81","author":"Kennedy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxab036","article-title":"Doubly robust nonparametric instrumental variable estimators for survival outcomes","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biostatistics"},{"key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Levis","year":"2024","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2402.09332"},{"key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Lewis","year":"2018","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1803.07164"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.5705\/ss.202017.0196","article-title":"Identification and inference for marginal average treatment effect on the treated with an instrumental variable","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Statistica Sinica"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1515\/ijb-2015-0052","article-title":"Super-learning of an optimal dynamic treatment rule","volume":"12","author":"Luedtke","year":"2016","journal-title":"The International Journal of Biostatistics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1034276635","article-title":"Locally adaptive regression splines","volume":"25","author":"Mammen","year":"1997","journal-title":"The Annals of Statistics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1017\/pan.2019.48","article-title":"Profiling compliers and non-compliers for instrumental variable analysis","volume":"28","author":"Marbach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Political Analysis"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1111\/rssa.12563","article-title":"Instrumental variable methods using dynamic interventions","volume":"183","author":"Mauro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A: Statistics in Society"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X221100799","article-title":"Local instrumental variable methods to address confounding and heterogeneity when using electronic health records: An application to emergency surgery","volume":"42","author":"Moler-Zapata","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medical Decision Making"},{"key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B54","first-page":"2710","article-title":"Dual instrumental variable regression","volume":"33","author":"Muandet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B55","first-page":"465","article-title":"On the application of probability theory to agricultural experiments, essay on principles: Section 9 (1923), translated","volume":"5","author":"Neyman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Statistical Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/asaa076","article-title":"Quasi-oracle estimation of heterogeneous treatment effects","volume":"108","author":"Nie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1111\/rssb.12078","article-title":"Doubly robust estimation of the local average treatment effect curve","volume":"77","author":"Ogburn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000000787","article-title":"The financial burden of emergency general surgery: National estimates 2010 to 2060","volume":"79","author":"Ogola","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery"},{"key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1214\/193940307000000527","article-title":"Higher order influence functions and minimax estimation of nonlinear functionals","volume":"2","author":"Robins","year":"2008","journal-title":"Probability and Statistics: Essays in Honor of David A. Freedman"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1097\/XCS.0000000000000303","article-title":"Analyzing impact of multimorbidity on long-term outcomes after emergency general surgery: A retrospective observational cohort study","volume":"235","author":"Rosen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of the American College of Surgeons"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1037\/h0037350","article-title":"Estimating causal effects of treatments in randomized and nonrandomized studies","volume":"66","author":"Rubin","year":"1974","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"396","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1986.10478355","article-title":"Which ifs have causal answers","volume":"81","author":"Rubin","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e160480","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2016.0480","article-title":"Use of national burden to define operative emergency general surgery","volume":"151","author":"Scott","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Surgery"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e31827e1bc7","article-title":"Emergency general surgery: Definition and estimated burden of disease","volume":"74","author":"Shafi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery"},{"key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B65","article-title":"Kernel instrumental variable regression","volume":"32","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1214\/23-AOAS1843","article-title":"Flexible instrumental variable models with Bayesian additive regression trees","volume":"18","author":"Spanbauer","year":"2024","journal-title":"The Annals of Applied Statistics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31828d0590","article-title":"Commentary: How to report instrumental variable analyses (suggestions welcome)","volume":"24","author":"Swanson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1214\/14-STS491","article-title":"Think globally, act globally: An epidemiologist\u2019s perspective on instrumental variable estimation","volume":"29","author":"Swanson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Statistical Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyx038","article-title":"The challenging interpretation of instrumental variable estimates under monotonicity","volume":"47","author":"Swanson","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B70","article-title":"Machine learning estimation of heterogeneous treatment effects with instruments","volume":"32","author":"Syrgkanis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jrsssb\/qkae041","article-title":"Debiased inference for a covariate-adjusted regression function","author":"Takatsu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology"},{"issue":"489","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1198\/jasa.2009.tm08299","article-title":"Marginal and nested structural models using instrumental variables","volume":"105","author":"Tan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B73","volume-title":"Semiparametric theory and missing data","author":"Tsiatis","year":"2006"},{"key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-21700-0","volume-title":"Unified methods for censored longitudinal data and causality","author":"van der Laan","year":"2003"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1111\/sjos.v45.4","article-title":"Improving the robustness and efficiency of covariate-adjusted linear instrumental variable estimators","volume":"45","author":"Vansteelandt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Statistics"},{"issue":"523","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2017.1319839","article-title":"Estimation and inference of heterogeneous treatment effects using random forests","volume":"113","author":"Wager","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1111\/rssb.12262","article-title":"Bounded, efficient and multiply robust estimation of average treatment effects using instrumental variables","volume":"80","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology)"},{"key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B78","volume-title":"All of nonparametric statistics","author":"Wasserman","year":"2006"},{"key":"2025100712573203300_qnae089-B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Wu","year":"2022","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2212.05778"}],"container-title":["Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A: Statistics in Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jrsssa\/article-pdf\/188\/4\/1003\/59314187\/qnae089.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jrsssa\/article-pdf\/188\/4\/1003\/59314187\/qnae089.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T16:57:44Z","timestamp":1759856264000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jrsssa\/article\/188\/4\/1003\/7773315"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jrsssa\/qnae089","relation":{},"ISSN":["0964-1998","1467-985X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0964-1998","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-985X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]]}}}