{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T11:54:02Z","timestamp":1787658842155,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]],"date-time":"2023-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006093","name":"Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ME-2021C2-23636-IC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ME-2021C2-23636-IC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Recent approaches to causal inference have focused on causal effects defined as contrasts between the distribution of counterfactual outcomes under hypothetical interventions on the nodes of a graphical model. In this article, we develop theory for causal effects defined with respect to a different type of intervention, one which alters the information propagated through the edges of the graph. These information transfer interventions may be more useful than node interventions in settings in which causes are non-manipulable, for example when considering race or genetics as a causes. Furthermore, information transfer interventions allow us to define path-specific decompositions which are identified in the presence of treatment-induced mediator-outcome confounding, a practical problem whose general solution remains elusive. We prove that the proposed effects provide valid statistical tests of mechanisms, unlike popular methods based on randomised interventions on the mediator. We propose efficient non-parametric estimators for a covariance version of the proposed effects, using data-adaptive regression coupled with semi-parametric efficiency theory to address model misspecification bias while retaining n-consistency and asymptotic normality. We illustrate the use of our methods in two examples using publicly available data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jrsssb\/qkad130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T16:34:38Z","timestamp":1697733278000},"page":"435-460","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Non-agency interventions for causal mediation in the presence of intermediate confounding"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"86","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9056-2047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iv\u00e1n","family":"D\u00edaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine , New York, NY , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B1","author":"Avin","year":"2005"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0420.2005.00377.x","article-title":"Doubly robust estimation in missing data and causal inference models","volume":"61","author":"Bang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B3","volume-title":"Probabilistic and causal inference: The works of Judea Pearl","author":"Bareinboim","year":"2022"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176346151","article-title":"Information and asymptotic efficiency in parametric-nonparametric models","volume":"11","author":"Begun","year":"1983","journal-title":"The Annals of Statistics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1257\/0002828042002561","article-title":"Are Emily and Greg more employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A field experiment on labor market discrimination","volume":"94","author":"Bertrand","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B6","volume-title":"Efficient and adaptive estimation for semiparametric models","author":"Bickel","year":"1997"},{"key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B7","author":"Bodory","year":"2021"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5907.2008.00353.x","article-title":"What triggers public opposition to immigration? Anxiety, group cues, and immigration threat","volume":"52","author":"Brader","year":"2008","journal-title":"American Journal of Political Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2202\/1557-4679.1212","article-title":"When to start treatment? A systematic approach to the comparison of dynamic regimes using observational data","volume":"6","author":"Cain","year":"2010","journal-title":"The International Journal of Biostatistics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6766","article-title":"Information\u2013theoretic implications of quantum causal structures","volume":"6","author":"Chaves","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B11","author":"Cheng","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1","DOI":"10.1111\/ectj.12097","article-title":"Double\/debiased machine learning for treatment and structural parameters","volume":"21","author":"Chernozhukov","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Econometrics Journal"},{"key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B13","author":"Collier","year":"1999"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B14","first-page":"1817","article-title":"Commentary: The formal approach to quantitative causal inference in epidemiology: Misguided or misrepresented","volume":"45","author":"Daniel","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1111\/rssb.12362","article-title":"Causal mediation analysis for stochastic interventions","volume":"82","author":"D\u00edaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology)"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/asaa085","article-title":"Nonparametric efficient causal mediation with intermediate confounders","volume":"108","author":"D\u00edaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B17","author":"D\u00edaz","year":"2022"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0420.2011.01685.x","article-title":"Population intervention causal effects based on stochastic interventions","volume":"68","author":"D\u00edaz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1515\/ijb-2013-0014","article-title":"Assessing the causal effect of policies: An example using stochastic interventions","volume":"9","author":"D\u00edaz","year":"2013","journal-title":"The International Journal of Biostatistics"},{"key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2021.1955691","article-title":"Nonparametric causal effects based on longitudinal modified treatment policies","volume":"118.542","author":"D\u00edaz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B21","author":"D\u00edaz","year":"2022"},{"key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B22","author":"Didelez","year":"2006"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1086\/525638","article-title":"Interventions and causal inference","volume":"74","author":"Eberhardt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Philosophy of Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721003378","article-title":"Independent contribution of polygenic risk for schizophrenia and cannabis use in predicting psychotic-like experiences in young adulthood: Testing gene \u00d7 environment moderation and mediation","volume":"53","author":"Elkrief","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00540066","article-title":"Correlation, partial correlation, and causation","volume":"67","author":"Ellett","year":"1986","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0250892","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0250892","article-title":"Gender differences in wage expectations","volume":"16","author":"Fernandes","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B27","volume-title":"Causality in the sciences","author":"Fitelson","year":"2011"},{"issue":"S1","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-10-S1-S66","article-title":"Partial correlation analysis indicates causal relationships between GC-content, exon density and recombination rate in the human genome","volume":"10","author":"Freudenberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-71153-9","volume-title":"Audit studies: Behind the scenes with theory, method, and nuance","author":"Gaddis","year":"2018"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000122","article-title":"Commentary: Race and sex are causes","volume":"25","author":"Glymour","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303539","article-title":"Evaluating public health interventions: 5. Causal inference in public health research\u2013do sex, race, and biological factors cause health outcomes?","volume":"107","author":"Glymour","year":"2017","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B32","author":"Gong","year":"2019"},{"key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B33","author":"Gong","year":"2021"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.74.6.1464","article-title":"Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test","volume":"74","author":"Greenwald","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1086\/425235","article-title":"Manipulation and the causal Markov condition","volume":"71","author":"Hausman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Philosophy of Science"},{"issue":"10","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2016.08.016","article-title":"Does water kill? A call for less casual causal inferences","volume":"26","author":"Hern\u00e1n","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annals of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"S3","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2008.82","article-title":"Does obesity shorten life? The importance of well-defined interventions to answer causal questions","volume":"32","author":"Hern\u00e1n","year":"2008","journal-title":"International Journal of Obesity"},{"issue":"396","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1986.10478354","article-title":"Statistics and causal inference","volume":"81","author":"Holland","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B39","volume-title":"Causality: Philosophical theory meets scientific practice","author":"Illari","year":"2014"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2324","DOI":"10.1214\/13-AOS1145","article-title":"Quantifying causal influences","volume":"41","author":"Janzing","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Annals of Statistics"},{"issue":"526","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2017.1422737","article-title":"Nonparametric causal effects based on incremental propensity score interventions","volume":"114","author":"Kennedy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B42","author":"Korb","year":"2004"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B43","first-page":"1787","article-title":"The tale wagged by the DAG: Broadening the scope of causal inference and explanation for epidemiology","volume":"45","author":"Krieger","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B44","author":"Kuhn","year":"2021"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spl.2011.02.030","article-title":"Higher order inference on a treatment effect under low regularity conditions","volume":"81","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Statistics & Probability Letters"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-017-1341-z","article-title":"Intervening on structure","volume":"195","author":"Malinsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1093\/bjps\/44.2.187","article-title":"Causation as a secondary quality","volume":"44","author":"Menzies","year":"1993","journal-title":"The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science"},{"key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B48","first-page":"1154","article-title":"On the causal interpretation of randomised interventional indirect effects","volume-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology","author":"Miles","year":"2023"},{"key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B49","author":"Miles","year":"2015"},{"key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B50","author":"Nabi","year":"2019"},{"key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B51","volume-title":"Causality: Models, reasoning, and inference","author":"Pearl","year":"2000"},{"key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B52","author":"Pearl","year":"2001"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/jci-2018-2001","article-title":"Does obesity shorten life? Or is it the soda? On non-manipulable causes","volume":"6","author":"Pearl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Causal Inference"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/jci-2019-2002","article-title":"On the interpretation of do(x)","volume":"7","author":"Pearl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Causal Inference"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/jci-2019-0026","article-title":"Sufficient causes: On oxygen, matches, and fires","volume":"7","author":"Pearl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Causal Inference"},{"key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B56","volume-title":"The book of why","author":"Pearl","year":"2018"},{"key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B57","author":"Pearl","year":"1995"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s00184-008-0214-3","article-title":"Quadratic semiparametric von Mises calculus","volume":"69","author":"Robins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Metrika"},{"key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B59","author":"Robins","year":"2000"},{"key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B60","author":"Robins","year":"2004"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199203000-00013","article-title":"Identifiability and exchangeability for direct and indirect effects","volume":"3","author":"Robins","year":"1992","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B62","first-page":"2191","article-title":"Effects of multiple interventions","volume":"1","author":"Robins","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comparative Quantification of Health Risks: Global and Regional Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Major Risk Factors"},{"key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B63","article-title":"Alternative graphical causal models and the identification of direct effects","author":"Robins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Causality and psychopathology: Finding the determinants of disorders and their cures"},{"key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B64","author":"Robins","year":"2022"},{"issue":"427","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1994.10476818","article-title":"Estimation of regression coefficients when some regressors are not always observed","volume":"89","author":"Robins","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/biom.13850","article-title":"Efficient and flexible estimation of natural direct and indirect effects under intermediate confounding and monotonicity constraints","author":"Rudolph","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B67","author":"Sch\u00f6lkopf","year":"2022"},{"issue":"10","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2016.03.013","article-title":"Causal identification: A charge of epidemiology in danger of marginalization","volume":"26","author":"Schwartz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annals of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1214\/19-AOS1857","article-title":"The hardness of conditional independence testing and the generalised covariance measure","volume":"48","author":"Shah","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Annals of Statistics"},{"key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.01.070","article-title":"Implicit physician biases in periviability counseling","volume":"197","author":"Shapiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Journal of Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.1214\/15-AOS1411","article-title":"Causal inference with a graphical hierarchy of interventions","volume":"44","author":"Shpitser","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Annals of Statistics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1215\/00318108-6718797","article-title":"Foundations of a probabilistic theory of causal strength","volume":"127","author":"Sprenger","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Philosophical Review"},{"issue":"just-accepted","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B73","first-page":"1","article-title":"Conditional separable effects","author":"Stensrud","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"issue":"537","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2020.1765783","article-title":"Separable effects for causal inference in the presence of competing events","volume":"117","author":"Stensrud","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000054","article-title":"On identification of natural direct effects when a confounder of the mediator is directly affected by exposure","volume":"25","author":"Tchetgen Tchetgen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epidemiology (Cambridge, MA)"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v059.i05","article-title":"Mediation: R package for causal mediation analysis","volume":"59","author":"Tingley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv341","article-title":"Causality and causal inference in epidemiology: The need for a pluralistic approach","volume":"45","author":"Vandenbroucke","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2202\/1557-4679.1064","article-title":"Direct effect models","volume":"4","author":"van der Laan","year":"2008","journal-title":"The International Journal of Biostatistics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2202\/1557-4679.1003","article-title":"History-adjusted marginal structural models and statically-optimal dynamic treatment regimens","volume":"1","author":"van der Laan","year":"2005","journal-title":"The International Journal of Biostatistics"},{"key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-21700-0","volume-title":"Unified methods for censored longitudinal data and causality","author":"van der Laan","year":"2003"},{"key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-9782-1","volume-title":"Targeted learning: Causal inference for observational and experimental data","author":"van der Laan","year":"2011"},{"key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-65304-4","volume-title":"Targeted learning in data science: Causal inference for complex longitudinal studies","author":"van der Laan","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2202\/1557-4679.1043","article-title":"Targeted maximum likelihood learning","volume":"2","author":"van der Laan","year":"2006","journal-title":"The International Journal of Biostatistics"},{"key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511802256","volume-title":"Asymptotic statistics","author":"van der Vaart","year":"1998"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000034","article-title":"Effect decomposition in the presence of an exposure-induced mediator-outcome confounder","volume":"25","author":"VanderWeele","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177730385","article-title":"On the asymptotic distribution of differentiable statistical functions","volume":"18","author":"von Mises","year":"1947","journal-title":"The Annals of Mathematical Statistics"},{"key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B87","author":"Weinberger","year":"2021"},{"key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B88","author":"Wen","year":"2021"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B89","first-page":"75","article-title":"Understanding and addressing racial disparities in health care","volume":"21","author":"Williams","year":"2000","journal-title":"Health Care Financing Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/jci-2017-0020","article-title":"The inflation technique for causal inference with latent variables","volume":"7","author":"Wolfe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Causal Inference"},{"key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B91","volume-title":"Making things happen: A theory of causal explanation","author":"Woodward","year":"2003"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B92","first-page":"557","article-title":"Correlation and causation","volume":"20","author":"Wright","year":"1921","journal-title":"Journal of Agricultural Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/8.3.239","article-title":"The theory of path coefficients a reply to Niles\u2019s criticism","volume":"8","author":"Wright","year":"1923","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177732676","article-title":"The method of path coefficients","volume":"5","author":"Wright","year":"1934","journal-title":"The Annals of Mathematical Statistics"},{"key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104039","article-title":"Longer screen time utilization is associated with the polygenic risk for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder with mediation by brain white matter microstructure","volume":"80","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1515\/em-2012-0001","article-title":"Identification, estimation and approximation of risk under interventions that depend on the natural value of treatment using observational data","volume":"3","author":"Young","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epidemiologic Methods"},{"key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B97","author":"Zhang","year":"2018"},{"key":"2024041204055890900_qkad130-B98","author":"Zheng","year":"2011"}],"container-title":["Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jrsssb\/article-pdf\/86\/2\/435\/57219041\/qkad130.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jrsssb\/article-pdf\/86\/2\/435\/57219041\/qkad130.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T00:06:33Z","timestamp":1712880393000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jrsssb\/article\/86\/2\/435\/7445021"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jrsssb\/qkad130","relation":{},"ISSN":["1369-7412","1467-9868"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1369-7412","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-9868","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]]}}}