{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:12:45Z","timestamp":1790799165887,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]],"date-time":"2024-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Many epidemiological and clinical studies aim to analyse a time-to-event endpoint. A common complication is right censoring. In some cases, right censoring occurs when subjects are still surviving after the study terminates or move out of the study area. In such cases, right censoring is typically treated as independent or noninformative. This assumption can be further relaxed to conditional independent censoring by leveraging possibly time-varying covariate information, if available, and assuming censoring and failure time are independent within covariate strata. In yet other instances, events may be censored by other competing events like death and are associated with censoring possibly through prognoses. Realistically, measured covariates can rarely capture all such associations with absolute certainty. In cases of dependent censoring, covariate measurements are often, at best, proxies of underlying prognoses. In this article, we establish a nonparametric identification framework by formally admitting that conditional independent censoring may fail in practice and accounting for covariate measurements as imperfect proxies of underlying association. The framework suggests adaptive estimators, and we provide generic assumptions under which they are consistent, asymptotically normal, and doubly robust. We examine the finite-sample performance of our proposed estimators via a Monte Carlo simulation and apply them to the SEER-Medicare dataset.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jrsssb\/qkae037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]],"date-time":"2024-05-16T01:53:05Z","timestamp":1715824385000},"page":"1414-1434","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Proximal survival analysis to handle dependent right censoring"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"86","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0124-1856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Ying","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Irvine ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024111314110320200_qkae037-B1","author":"Aalen","year":"1980"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024111314110320200_qkae037-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.v8:8","article-title":"A linear regression model for the analysis of life times","volume":"8","author":"Aalen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Statistics in Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024111314110320200_qkae037-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1111\/ecta.2003.71.issue-6","article-title":"Efficient estimation of models with conditional moment restrictions containing unknown functions","volume":"71","author":"Ai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"2024111314110320200_qkae037-B4","volume-title":"Statistical models based on counting processes","author":"Andersen","year":"2012"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024111314110320200_qkae037-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2017.05.011","article-title":"Examples of L2-complete and boundedly-complete distributions","volume":"199","author":"Andrews","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Econometrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024111314110320200_qkae037-B6","first-page":"477","article-title":"The choice of treatment for cancer patients based on covariate information","volume":"67","author":"Byar","year":"1980","journal-title":"Bulletin du Cancer"},{"key":"2024111314110320200_qkae037-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5633","DOI":"10.1016\/S1573-4412(07)06077-1","article-title":"Linear inverse problems in structural econometrics estimation based on spectral decomposition and regularization","volume":"6","author":"Carrasco","year":"2007","journal-title":"Handbook of Econometrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024111314110320200_qkae037-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA9988","article-title":"Local identification of nonparametric and semiparametric models","volume":"82","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024111314110320200_qkae037-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1972.tb00899.x","article-title":"Regression models and life-tables","volume":"34","author":"Cox","year":"1972","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024111314110320200_qkae037-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/62.2.269","article-title":"Partial likelihood","volume":"62","author":"Cox","year":"1975","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"2024111314110320200_qkae037-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2023.2191817","article-title":"Semiparametric proximal causal inference","author":"Cui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024111314110320200_qkae037-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA6539","article-title":"Nonparametric instrumental regression","volume":"79","author":"Darolles","year":"2011","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024111314110320200_qkae037-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266466610000368","article-title":"On the completeness condition in nonparametric instrumental problems","volume":"27","author":"DH\u0301aultfoeuille","year":"2011","journal-title":"Econometric Theory"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024111314110320200_qkae037-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/asad015","article-title":"Proximal mediation analysis","volume":"110","author":"Dukes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"2024111314110320200_qkae037-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429246593","volume-title":"An introduction to the bootstrap","author":"Efron","year":"1994"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024111314110320200_qkae037-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.2174\/156720512801322618","article-title":"The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study: Epidemiologic and neuropathologic research on cognitive impairment","volume":"9","author":"Gelber","year":"2012","journal-title":"Current Alzheimer Research"},{"key":"2024111314110320200_qkae037-B17","author":"Ghassami","year":"2022"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024111314110320200_qkae037-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176347865","article-title":"A survey of product-integration with a view toward application in survival analysis","volume":"18","author":"Gill","year":"1990","journal-title":"The Annals of Statistics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024111314110320200_qkae037-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2244","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176348396","article-title":"Ignorability and coarse data","volume":"19","author":"Heitjan","year":"1991","journal-title":"The Annals of Statistics"},{"issue":"541","key":"2024111314110320200_qkae037-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2021.1930546","article-title":"Treatment effect estimation under additive hazards models with high-dimensional confounding","volume":"118","author":"Hou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024111314110320200_qkae037-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266466617000251","article-title":"Nonparametric identification using instrumental variables: Sufficient conditions for completeness","volume":"34","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Econometric Theory"},{"key":"2024111314110320200_qkae037-B22","volume-title":"The statistical analysis of failure time data","author":"Kalbfleisch","year":"2011"},{"issue":"282","key":"2024111314110320200_qkae037-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1958.10501452","article-title":"Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations","volume":"53","author":"Kaplan","year":"1958","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"2024111314110320200_qkae037-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-74978-5","volume-title":"Introduction to empirical processes and semiparametric inference","author":"Kosorok","year":"2008"},{"key":"2024111314110320200_qkae037-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-97146-4","volume-title":"Linear integral equations","author":"Kress","year":"1989"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024111314110320200_qkae037-B26","first-page":"320","article-title":"Bayesian bootstrap clones and a biometry function","volume":"53","author":"Lo","year":"1991","journal-title":"Sankhy\u0101: The Indian Journal of Statistics, Series A"},{"key":"2024111314110320200_qkae037-B27","volume-title":"Dynamic regression models for survival data","author":"Martinussen","year":"2006"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024111314110320200_qkae037-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1111\/biom.12699","article-title":"Instrumental variables estimation of exposure effects on a time-to-event endpoint using structural cumulative survival models","volume":"73","author":"Martinussen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"2024111314110320200_qkae037-B29","author":"Mastouri","year":"2021"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024111314110320200_qkae037-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/asy038","article-title":"Identifying causal effects with proxy variables of an unmeasured confounder","volume":"105","author":"Miao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024111314110320200_qkae037-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1111\/ecta.2003.71.issue-5","article-title":"Instrumental variable estimation of nonparametric models","volume":"71","author":"Newey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"2024111314110320200_qkae037-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2022.2147841","article-title":"Proximal learning for individualized treatment regimes under unmeasured confounding","author":"Qi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"2024111314110320200_qkae037-B33","first-page":"2619","article-title":"Inverse probability weighted estimation in survival analysis","volume":"4","author":"Rotnitzky","year":"2005","journal-title":"Encyclopedia of Biostatistics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024111314110320200_qkae037-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176345338","article-title":"The Bayesian bootstrap","volume":"9","author":"Rubin","year":"1981","journal-title":"The Annals of Statistics"},{"key":"2024111314110320200_qkae037-B35","volume-title":"The jackknife and bootstrap","author":"Shao","year":"2012"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024111314110320200_qkae037-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-020-00243-4","article-title":"A selective review of negative control methods in epidemiology","volume":"7","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Current Epidemiology Reports"},{"key":"2024111314110320200_qkae037-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Tchetgen Tchetgen","year":"2020","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2009.10982"},{"key":"2024111314110320200_qkae037-B38","volume-title":"Semiparametric theory and missing data","author":"Tsiatis","year":"2006"},{"key":"2024111314110320200_qkae037-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-21700-0","volume-title":"Unified methods for censored longitudinal data and causality","author":"Van der Laan","year":"2003"},{"key":"2024111314110320200_qkae037-B40","volume-title":"Weak convergence and empirical processes","author":"Van der Vaart","year":"1997"},{"key":"2024111314110320200_qkae037-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"asae005","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/asae005","article-title":"Doubly robust estimation under covariate-induced dependent left truncation","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024111314110320200_qkae037-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1093\/jrsssb\/qkad020","article-title":"Proximal causal inference for complex longitudinal studies","volume":"85","author":"Ying","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024111314110320200_qkae037-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1111\/biom.13704","article-title":"Structural cumulative survival models for estimation of treatment effects accounting for treatment switching in randomized experiments","volume":"79","author":"Ying","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biometrics"}],"container-title":["Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jrsssb\/article-pdf\/86\/5\/1414\/60648563\/qkae037.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jrsssb\/article-pdf\/86\/5\/1414\/60648563\/qkae037.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]],"date-time":"2024-11-13T14:11:16Z","timestamp":1731507076000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jrsssb\/article\/86\/5\/1414\/7674899"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jrsssb\/qkae037","relation":{},"ISSN":["1369-7412","1467-9868"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1369-7412","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-9868","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]]}}}