{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T11:02:46Z","timestamp":1789556566585,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG065276"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG065276"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01GM139926"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01GM139926"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["207436"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["207436"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Scientists regularly pose questions about treatment effects on outcomes conditional on a posttreatment event. However, causal inference in such settings requires care, even in perfectly executed randomized experiments. Recently, the conditional separable effect (CSE) was proposed as an interventionist estimand that corresponds to scientifically meaningful questions in these settings. However, existing results for the CSE require no unmeasured confounding between the outcome and posttreatment event, an assumption frequently violated in practice. In this work, we address this concern by developing new identification and estimation results for the CSE that allow for unmeasured confounding. We establish nonparametric identification of the CSE in observational and experimental settings with time-varying confounders, provided that certain proxy variables for hidden common causes of the posttreatment event and outcome are available. For inference, we characterize an influence function for the CSE under a semiparametric model where nuisance functions are a priori unrestricted. Using modern machine learning methods, we construct nonparametric nuisance function estimators and establish convergence rates that improve upon existing results. Moreover, we develop a consistent, asymptotically linear, and locally semiparametric efficient estimator of the CSE. We illustrate our framework with simulation studies and a real-world cancer therapy trial.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jrsssb\/qkag051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T01:14:22Z","timestamp":1773882862000},"page":"1385-1406","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Proximal causal inference for conditional separable effects"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"88","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8315-1522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chan","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , 605 E Springfield Ave, Champaign, IL 61820 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9641-1936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mats J","family":"Stensrud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mathematics, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne , Lausanne 1015 ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric J","family":"Tchetgen Tchetgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics and Data Science, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA 19104 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000001313","article-title":"Insights into the cross-world independence assumption of causal mediation analysis","volume":"32","author":"Andrews","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.2021.0781","article-title":"Proximal reinforcement learning: Efficient off-policy evaluation in partially observed Markov decision processes","volume":"72","author":"Bennett","year":"2024","journal-title":"Operations Research"},{"key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Bennett","year":"2023","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2307.13793"},{"key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5633","DOI":"10.1016\/S1573-4412(07)06077-1","volume-title":"Handbook of econometrics","author":"Carrasco","year":"2007"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA9988","article-title":"Local identification of nonparametric and semiparametric models","volume":"82","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3982\/QE722","article-title":"Optimal sup-norm rates and uniform inference on nonlinear functionals of nonparametric IV regression","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Quantitative Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C1","DOI":"10.1111\/ectj.12097","article-title":"Double\/debiased machine learning for treatment and structural parameters","volume":"21","author":"Chernozhukov","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Econometrics Journal"},{"issue":"546","key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2023.2191817","article-title":"Semiparametric proximal causal inference","volume":"119","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/1557-4679.1391","article-title":"\u201cImagine a can opener\u201d\u2013The magic of principal stratum analysis","volume":"8","author":"Dawid","year":"2012","journal-title":"The International Journal of Biostatistics"},{"key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Deaner","year":"2018","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1810.00283"},{"issue":"496","key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1198\/jasa.2011.tm10265","article-title":"Identifiability and estimation of causal effects by principal stratification with outcomes truncated by death","volume":"106","author":"Ding","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1111\/rssb.12191","article-title":"Principal stratification analysis using principal scores","volume":"79","author":"Ding","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B, Statistical Methodology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/asad015","article-title":"Proximal mediation analysis","volume":"110","author":"Dukes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B14","volume-title":"Regularization of inverse problems","author":"Engl","year":"2000"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.3102\/1076998617719726","article-title":"Principal score methods: Assumptions, extensions, and practical considerations","volume":"42","author":"Feller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1017\/S026646661000037X","article-title":"Identification and estimation by penalization in nonparametric instrumental regression","volume":"27","author":"Florens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Econometric Theory"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/asy053","article-title":"Principal ignorability in mediation analysis: Through and beyond sequential ignorability","volume":"105","author":"Forastiere","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341x.2002.00021.x","article-title":"Principal stratification in causal inference","volume":"58","author":"Frangakis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdx052","article-title":"Non-parametric panel data models with interactive fixed effects","volume":"85","author":"Freyberger","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Review of Economic Studies"},{"key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Garreau","year":"2018","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1707.07269"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"asae037","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/asae037","article-title":"Causal inference with hidden mediators","volume":"112","author":"Ghassami","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B22","author":"Ghassami","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/ecta.2008.76.issue-1","article-title":"Instrumental variable treatment of nonclassical measurement error models","volume":"76","author":"Hu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9868.2007.00615.x","article-title":"Semiparametric estimation of treatment effects given base-line covariates on an outcome measured after a post-randomization event occurs","volume":"69","author":"Jemiai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B, Statistical Methodology"},{"issue":"23","key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2857","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3669","article-title":"On the use of propensity scores in principal causal effect estimation","volume":"28","author":"Jo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Statistics in Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.2202\/1557-4679.1367","article-title":"Principal stratification and attribution prohibition: Good ideas taken too far","volume":"7","author":"Joffe","year":"2011","journal-title":"The International Journal of Biostatistics"},{"key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Kallus","year":"2021","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2103.14029"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177697089","article-title":"A correspondence between Bayesian estimation on stochastic processes and smoothing by splines","volume":"41","author":"Kimeldorf","year":"1970","journal-title":"Annals of Mathematical Statistics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/ast066","article-title":"Measurement bias and effect restoration in causal inference","volume":"101","author":"Kuroki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181d61eeb","article-title":"Negative controls: A tool for detecting confounding and bias in observational studies","volume":"21","author":"Lipsitch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"22","key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4372","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.10175","article-title":"Identification and estimation of causal effects in the presence of confounded principal strata","volume":"43","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Statistics in Medicine"},{"key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B32","first-page":"7512","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Machine Learning, of Proceedings of Machine Learning Research","author":"Mastouri","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Meza","year":"2021","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2112.14249"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/asy038","article-title":"Identifying causal effects with proxy variables of an unmeasured confounder","volume":"105","author":"Miao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Miao","year":"2020","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1808.04945"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1111\/ecta.2003.71.issue-5","article-title":"Instrumental variable estimation of nonparametric models","volume":"71","author":"Newey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society"},{"key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Olivas-Martinez","year":"2025","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2508.17181"},{"key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B38","first-page":"411","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence","author":"Pearl","year":"2001"},{"key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511803161","volume-title":"Causality: Models, reasoning and inference","author":"Pearl","year":"2009","edition":"2nd ed"},{"issue":"15","key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa041318","article-title":"Docetaxel and estramustine compared with mitoxantrone and prednisone for advanced refractory prostate cancer","volume":"351","author":"Petrylak","year":"2004","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Plato","year":"2025","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2509.05418"},{"issue":"30","key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B42","first-page":"2013","article-title":"Single world intervention graphs (SWIGs): A unification of the counterfactual and graphical approaches to causality","volume":"128","author":"Richardson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Center for the Statistics and the Social Sciences, University of Washington Series. Working Paper"},{"issue":"9\u201312","key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1016\/0270-0255(86)90088-6","article-title":"A new approach to causal inference in mortality studies with a sustained exposure period\u2013application to control of the healthy worker survivor effect","volume":"7","author":"Robins","year":"1986","journal-title":"Mathematical Modelling"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0420.2007.00847_2.x","article-title":"Discussions on \u201cprincipal stratification designs to estimate input data missing due to death\u201d","volume":"63","author":"Robins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199203000-00013","article-title":"Identifiability and exchangeability for direct and indirect effects","volume":"3","author":"Robins","year":"1992","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B46","author":"Robins","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1145\/3501714.3501754","volume-title":"Probabilistic and causal inference: The works of Judea Pearl","author":"Robins","year":"2022","edition":"1"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/asaa054","article-title":"Characterization of parameters with a mixed bias property","volume":"108","author":"Rotnitzky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1214\/088342306000000114","article-title":"Causal inference through potential outcomes and principal stratification: Application to studies with \u201ccensoring\u201d due to death","volume":"21","author":"Rubin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Statistical Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176350055","article-title":"On asymptotically efficient estimation in semiparametric models","volume":"14","author":"Schick","year":"1986","journal-title":"Annals of Statistics"},{"key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-44581-1_27","volume-title":"Computational learning theory","author":"Sch\u00f6lkopf","year":"2001"},{"key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B52","volume-title":"Approximation theorems of mathematical statistics","author":"Serfling","year":"2009"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1111\/rssb.12361","article-title":"Multiply robust causal inference with double-negative control adjustment for categorical unmeasured confounding","volume":"82","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B, Statistical Methodology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-020-00243-4","article-title":"A selective review of negative control methods in epidemiology","volume":"7","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Current Epidemiology Reports"},{"key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B55","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Singh","year":"2019"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1007\/s10985-021-09530-8","article-title":"A generalized theory of separable effects in competing event settings","volume":"27","author":"Stensrud","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lifetime Data Analysis"},{"issue":"544","key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2671","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2022.2071276","article-title":"Conditional separable effects","volume":"118","author":"Stensrud","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"issue":"537","key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2020.1765783","article-title":"Separable effects for causal inference in the presence of competing events","volume":"117","author":"Stensrud","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1214\/12-AOS990","article-title":"Semiparametric theory for causal mediation analysis: Efficiency bounds, multiple robustness and sensitivity analysis","volume":"40","author":"Tchetgen Tchetgen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annals of Statistics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1214\/23-STS911","article-title":"An introduction to proximal causal inference","volume":"39","author":"Tchetgen Tchetgen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Statistical Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v045.i03","article-title":"mice: Multivariate imputation by chained equations in R","volume":"45","author":"van Buuren","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-2545-2","volume-title":"Weak convergence and empirical processes: With applications to statistics","author":"van der Vaart","year":"1996"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0000102202155746791329","DOI":"10.2202\/1557-4679.1329","article-title":"Principal stratification\u2013uses and limitations","volume":"7","author":"VanderWeele","year":"2011","journal-title":"The International Journal of Biostatistics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/asx034","article-title":"Identification and estimation of causal effects with outcomes truncated by death","volume":"104","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1111\/biom.12883","article-title":"Using survival information in truncation by death problems without the monotonicity assumption","volume":"74","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1093\/jrsssb\/qkad020","article-title":"Proximal causal inference for complex longitudinal studies","volume":"85","author":"Ying","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B, Statistical Methodology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091606115630500_qkag051-B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20220073","DOI":"10.1515\/jci-2022-0073","article-title":"Instrumental variable regression via kernel maximum moment loss","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Causal Inference"}],"container-title":["Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jrsssb\/article-pdf\/88\/4\/1385\/67393185\/qkag051.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jrsssb\/article-pdf\/88\/4\/1385\/67393185\/qkag051.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T10:12:08Z","timestamp":1789553528000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jrsssb\/article\/88\/4\/1385\/8527991"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jrsssb\/qkag051","relation":{},"ISSN":["1369-7412","1467-9868"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1369-7412","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-9868","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]}}}