{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T10:25:48Z","timestamp":1740133548058,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30CA008748 and R01CA207220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30CA008748 and R01CA207220"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Survival is poor for patients with metastatic cancer, and it is vital to examine new biomarkers that can improve patient prognostication and identify those who would benefit from more aggressive therapy. In metastatic prostate cancer, 2 new assays have become available: one that quantifies the number of cancer cells circulating in the peripheral blood, and the other a marker of the aggressiveness of the disease. It is critical to determine the magnitude of the effect of these biomarkers on the discrimination of a model-based risk score. To do so, most analysts frequently consider the discrimination of 2 separate survival models: one that includes both the new and standard factors and a second that includes the standard factors alone. However, this analysis is ultimately incorrect for many of the scale-transformation models ubiquitous in survival, as the reduced model is misspecified if the full model is specified correctly. To circumvent this issue, we developed a projection-based approach to estimate the impact of the 2 prostate cancer biomarkers. The results indicate that the new biomarkers can influence model discrimination and justify their inclusion in the risk model; however, the hunt remains for an applicable model to risk-stratify patients with metastatic prostate cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jrsssc\/qlae045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T21:55:35Z","timestamp":1725400535000},"page":"83-99","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Measuring the impact of new risk factors within survival models"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"74","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9217-8348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Glenn","family":"Heller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6801-720X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean M","family":"Devlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"2025011223511454000_qlae045-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280216680245","article-title":"Use of the concordance index for predictors of censored survival data","volume":"27","author":"Brentnall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Statistical Methods in Medical Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025011223511454000_qlae045-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/82.4.835","article-title":"Analysis of transformation models with censored data","volume":"82","author":"Cheng","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"437","key":"2025011223511454000_qlae045-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1997.10473620","article-title":"Predicting survival probabilities with semiparametric transformation models","volume":"92","author":"Cheng","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025011223511454000_qlae045-B4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Partial likelihood in transformation models with censored data","volume":"15","author":"Dabrowska","year":"1988","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Statistics"},{"year":"2024","author":"Devlin","key":"2025011223511454000_qlae045-B5"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025011223511454000_qlae045-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280220973694","article-title":"Concordance probability as a meaningful contrast across disparate survival times","volume":"30","author":"Devlin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Statistical Methods in Medical Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025011223511454000_qlae045-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/89.3.635","article-title":"Comparing nonnested cox models","volume":"89","author":"Fine","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"year":"2023","author":"Gerds","key":"2025011223511454000_qlae045-B8"},{"issue":"13","key":"2025011223511454000_qlae045-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.v32.13","article-title":"Estimating a time-dependent concordance index for survival prediction models with covariate dependent censoring","volume":"32","author":"Gerds","year":"2013","journal-title":"Statistics in Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025011223511454000_qlae045-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/92.4.965","article-title":"Concordance probability and discriminatory power in proportional hazards regression","volume":"92","author":"G\u00f6nen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025011223511454000_qlae045-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/81.3.515","article-title":"Proportional hazards tests and diagnostics based on weighted residuals","volume":"81","author":"Grambsch","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025011223511454000_qlae045-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176347126","article-title":"On projection pursuit regression","volume":"17","author":"Hall","year":"1989","journal-title":"The Annals of Statistics"},{"issue":"18","key":"2025011223511454000_qlae045-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2543","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1982.03320430047030","article-title":"Evaluating the yield of medical tests","volume":"247","author":"Harrell","year":"1982","journal-title":"JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"2025011223511454000_qlae045-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19960229)15:4\u00a1361::AID-SIM168\u00bf3.0.CO;2-4","article-title":"Tutorial in biostatistics multivariable prognostic models: Issues in developing models, evaluating assumptions and adequacy, and measuring and reducing errors","volume":"15","author":"Harrell","year":"1996","journal-title":"Statistics in Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025011223511454000_qlae045-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/73.2.387","article-title":"Survival models for heterogeneous populations derived from stable distributions","volume":"73","author":"Hougaard","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025011223511454000_qlae045-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2006.03.003","article-title":"Partial rank estimation of transdformation models with general forms of censoring","volume":"136","author":"Khan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Econometrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025011223511454000_qlae045-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1214\/009053604000000535","article-title":"Robust inference for univariate proportional hazards frailty regression models","volume":"32","author":"Kosorok","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Annals of Statistics"},{"issue":"13","key":"2025011223511454000_qlae045-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.v23:13","article-title":"Overall C as a measure of discrimination in survival analysis: Model specific population value and confidence interval estimation","volume":"23","author":"Pencina","year":"2004","journal-title":"Statistics in Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025011223511454000_qlae045-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(15)70027-6","article-title":"Orteronel plus prednisone in patients with chemotherapy naive metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (ELM-PC 4): A double-blind, multicentre, phase 3, randomised, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Saad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Oncology"},{"key":"2025011223511454000_qlae045-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-4026-6","volume-title":"Smoothing methods in statistics","author":"Simonoff","year":"1996"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025011223511454000_qlae045-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxl001","article-title":"A semiparametric approach for the nonparametric transformation survival model with multiple covariates","volume":"8","author":"Song","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biostatistics"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025011223511454000_qlae045-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.v30.10","article-title":"On the C-statistics for evaluating overall adequacy of risk prediction procedures with censored survival data","volume":"30","author":"Uno","year":"2011","journal-title":"Statistics in Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025011223511454000_qlae045-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-7412.2007.00606.x","article-title":"Maximum likelihood estimation in semiparametric regression models with censored data","volume":"69","author":"Zeng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025011223511454000_qlae045-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxx016","article-title":"Concordance measure and discriminatory accuracy in transformation cure models","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biostatistics"}],"container-title":["Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C: Applied Statistics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jrsssc\/article-pdf\/74\/1\/83\/59003812\/qlae045.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jrsssc\/article-pdf\/74\/1\/83\/59003812\/qlae045.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,12]],"date-time":"2025-01-12T23:51:24Z","timestamp":1736725884000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jrsssc\/article\/74\/1\/83\/7748296"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jrsssc\/qlae045","relation":{},"ISSN":["0035-9254","1467-9876"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0035-9254"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1467-9876"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]]}}}