{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T06:09:52Z","timestamp":1773382192738,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":46,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006545","name":"National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIMHD T37MD001425"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIMHD T37MD001425"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006545","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the spectrum of ocular complications of sickle cell disease (SCD) and age of onset of proliferative sickle cell retinopathy (PSR) in children attending the pediatric clinic at a tertiary hospital in southern Ghana.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study of all children with SCD in steady state, ages 2 to 16 years. Demographic and clinical data were recorded using predesigned forms. The ocular manifestations of SCD were classified as either proliferative or non-proliferative based on the presence or absence of neovascularization, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Included in this study were 294 children, (53.4% males), mean age 9.2\u2009\u00b1\u20093.7 years and majority had HbSS-199 (67.9%) and HbSC-74 (25.3%) genotypes. Comma-shaped conjunctiva vessels were the commonest anterior segment manifestation occurring in 85% of children. Non-proliferative posterior segment signs included: venous tortuosity 69 (23.5%), salmon-patch hemorrhages 4 (1.4%), iridescent spots 38 (12.9%), and black sunburst 24 (8.2%). Prevalence of PSR of any stage among children with HbSS was 2.5% (5\/199) and 8.1% (6\/74) among those with HbSC (P\u2009=\u2009.0366). The earliest age PSR was detected in this cohort was 8 years and for PSR stage 3, 13 years. No child was blind from eye complications of SCD or any other cause.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Comma-shaped conjunctiva vessels were the commonest anterior segment manifestation of SCD, and retinal venous tortuosity was the most common posterior segment manifestation. Proliferative retinopathy was more common in HbSC genotype.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jscdis\/yoag009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T18:54:31Z","timestamp":1771268071000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence of ocular complications of sickle cell disease in children seen at a tertiary health facility in Southern Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2573-9026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imoro Zeba","family":"Braimah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Surgery, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana , Accra, Greater Accra Region GP 4236,","place":["Ghana"]},{"name":"Eye Department, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital , Accra, Greater Accra Region KB 77,","place":["Ghana"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0689-1943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera M","family":"Beyuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Department, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital , Accra, Greater Accra Region KB 77,","place":["Ghana"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4030-418X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine","family":"Segbefia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana , Greater Accra Region GP 4236,","place":["Ghana"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8829-0043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew D","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, Children\u2019s National Hospital and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences , Washington, DC 20010 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2750-3500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles","family":"Antwi-Boasiako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana , Accra, Greater Accra Region GP 4236,","place":["Ghana"]},{"name":"School of Nursing, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , Milwaukee, WI 53201-0413,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8529-6362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera A","family":"Essuman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Surgery, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana , Accra, Greater Accra Region GP 4236,","place":["Ghana"]},{"name":"Eye Department, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital , Accra, Greater Accra Region KB 77,","place":["Ghana"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9757","key":"2026031219464827200_yoag009-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61029-X","article-title":"Sickle-cell disease","volume":"376","author":"Rees","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9861","key":"2026031219464827200_yoag009-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61229-X","article-title":"Global epidemiology of sickle haemoglobin in neonates: a contemporary geostatistical model-based map and population estimates","volume":"381","author":"Piel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026031219464827200_yoag009-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S120","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2022UUU","article-title":"Screening newborns for sickle cell disease in Ghana","volume":"121(Supplement_2)","author":"Ohene-Frimpong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026031219464827200_yoag009-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation-2008.1.177","article-title":"Mechanisms of vasculopathy in sickle cell disease and thalassemia","volume":"2008","author":"Morris","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hematol Am Soc Hematol Educ Program."},{"key":"2026031219464827200_yoag009-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-120611-143127","article-title":"Sickle cell disease, vasculopathy, and therapeutics","volume":"64","author":"Kassim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"key":"2026031219464827200_yoag009-B6","first-page":"481","article-title":"The ocular manifestations of sickle-cell disease: a prevalence and natural history study","volume":"90","author":"Clarkson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026031219464827200_yoag009-B7","first-page":"475","article-title":"Retinal vaso-occlusion in sickling hemoglobinopathies","volume":"12","author":"Goldberg","year":"1976","journal-title":"Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026031219464827200_yoag009-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-018-0162-8","article-title":"The past, present and future management of sickle cell retinopathy within an African context","volume":"32","author":"Amissah-Arthur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eye (London, England)"},{"key":"2026031219464827200_yoag009-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.5301\/EJO.2010.5977","article-title":"Ocular manifestation os sickle cell disease at the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana","volume":"21","author":"Osafo-Kwaako","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026031219464827200_yoag009-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2005.05.026","article-title":"Incidence and natural history of proliferative sickle cell retinopathy: observation from a cohort study","volume":"112","author":"Downes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026031219464827200_yoag009-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.3129\/i08-003","article-title":"A screening strategy for the detection of sickle cell retinopathy in pediatric patients","volume":"43","author":"Gill","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2026031219464827200_yoag009-B12","first-page":"261","article-title":"When should children and young adults with sickle cell disease be referred for eye assessment?","volume":"30","author":"Babalola","year":"2001","journal-title":"Afr J Med Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026031219464827200_yoag009-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.74.3.172","article-title":"Risk factors for proliferative sickle retinopathy","volume":"74","author":"Fox","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026031219464827200_yoag009-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.65.10.712","article-title":"Haematological factors associated with proliferative retinopathy in sickle cell-haemoglobin C disease","volume":"65","author":"Hayes","year":"1981","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2026031219464827200_yoag009-B15","author":"International Classification of diseases 11th Revision"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026031219464827200_yoag009-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(71)90429-6","article-title":"Classification and pathogenesis of proliferative sickle cell retinopathy","volume":"71","author":"Goldberg","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2026031219464827200_yoag009-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1961.00960010092020","article-title":"The conjunctival sign of sickle cell-disease","volume":"66","author":"Paton","year":"1961","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026031219464827200_yoag009-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(73)91150-1","article-title":"Hemoglobin SC disease and iris atrophy","volume":"75","author":"Galinos","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026031219464827200_yoag009-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.66.3.149","article-title":"Sickle retinopathy in young children in Jamaica","volume":"66","author":"Talbot","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026031219464827200_yoag009-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(72)91213-5","article-title":"Ocular findings in hemoglobin SC disease in Jamaica","volume":"74","author":"Condon","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026031219464827200_yoag009-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.3928\/0191-3913-19780301-10","article-title":"Ocular findings in children with homozygous sickle cell anemia in Nigeria","volume":"15","author":"Abiose","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026031219464827200_yoag009-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1990.tb04779.x","article-title":"Conjunctival vessel abnormalities in sickle cell diseases: the influence of age and genotype","volume":"68","author":"Siqueira","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh)"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026031219464827200_yoag009-B23","first-page":"812","article-title":"Ocular manifestations of children with sickle cell disease in Ibaqdan","volume":"94","author":"Oluleye","year":"2017","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"issue":"13","key":"2026031219464827200_yoag009-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3080","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2022009147","article-title":"Natural history and rate of progression of retinopathy in adult patients with sickle cell disease: an 11-year follow-up study","volume":"7","author":"Brandsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"2026031219464827200_yoag009-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S90630","article-title":"Sickle cell retinopathy: improving care with a multidisciplinary approach","volume":"10","author":"Menaa","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Multidiscip Healthc"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026031219464827200_yoag009-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002057","article-title":"Utility of ultra-widefield retinal imaging for the staging and management of sickle cell retinopathy","volume":"39","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Retina"}],"container-title":["Journal of Sickle Cell Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jscd\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jscdis\/yoag009\/66938209\/yoag009.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jscd\/article-pdf\/3\/1\/yoag009\/66938209\/yoag009.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jscd\/article-pdf\/3\/1\/yoag009\/66938209\/yoag009.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T23:46:58Z","timestamp":1773359218000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jscd\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jscdis\/yoag009\/8487773"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jscdis\/yoag009","relation":{},"ISSN":["3029-0473"],"issn-type":[{"value":"3029-0473","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"yoag009"}}