{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T05:54:07Z","timestamp":1779342847840,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Bilothorax is a rare condition that can lead to severe infection and death. Most cases present with right-sided pleural effusion and the etiology can be biliary obstruction, infection, or iatrogenic complications. The diagnosis of bilothorax is confirmed by the ratio of pleural fluid to serum bilirubin &amp;gt;1. A 33-year-old Asian female presented with progressive dyspnea from right pleural effusion, which was confirmed to be biloma by pleural fluid to serum bilirubin ratio of 15.9. Imaging showed right-sided subdiaphragmatic nodule, which was subsequently biopsied on laparoscopy revealing hemorrhagic endometriotic lesion. However, there was no obvious diaphragmatic defect connecting pleural and peritoneal cavities. Additionally, no biliary leakage was identified by magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). The treatment included antibiotics, tube thoracostomy, ERCP with stent, thermal ablation of endometriotic nodules under laparoscopy, and hormonal therapy for endometriosis. Bilothorax is rare case itself but the etiology secondary to endometriosis makes this case particularly unique.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jscr\/rjae485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T23:58:53Z","timestamp":1723075133000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Spontaneous bilothorax without previous surgery or trauma, a case report"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2024","author":[{"given":"Tarashene","family":"Neetichow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University , Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wirana","family":"Angthong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology , Faculty of Medicine, , Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand"},{"name":"Thammasat University , Faculty of Medicine, , Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5565-041X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Assanee","family":"Tongyoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery , Faculty of Medicine, , Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand"},{"name":"Thammasat University , Faculty of Medicine, , Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024080716065959800_ref1","first-page":"21","article-title":"The green pleural effusion: a comprehensive review of the bilothorax with case series","volume":"4","author":"Austin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pleura"},{"key":"2024080716065959800_ref2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Case report: kryptonite\u2014a rare case of left-sided bilothorax in a sickle cell patient","volume":"2019","author":"Reddy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Case Rep Pulmonol"},{"key":"2024080716065959800_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00137","DOI":"10.14309\/crj.0000000000000137","article-title":"Iatrogenic bilothorax: a rare complication of orthotopic liver transplant","volume":"6","author":"Karnik","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACG Case Rep J"},{"key":"2024080716065959800_ref4","first-page":"1211","article-title":"Diagnostic approach to pleural effusion in adults","volume":"73","author":"Porcel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"2024080716065959800_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2023-1112","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of ascites: etiologies, ascitic fluid analysis, diagnostic algorithm","volume":"62","author":"Du","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"2024080716065959800_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2010.12.002","article-title":"Bile leakage after hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery: a definition and grading of severity by the International Study Group of Liver Surgery","volume":"149","author":"Koch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"2024080716065959800_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(71)90456-9","article-title":"Biliary decompression in the treatment of bilothorax","volume":"122","author":"Williams","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"2024080716065959800_ref8","volume-title":"Cureus","author":"Shah"},{"key":"2024080716065959800_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1308\/003588413X13629960047678","article-title":"Bilothorax as a rare sign of intra-abdominal bile leak in a patient without peritonitis","volume-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl","author":"Jenkinson"},{"key":"2024080716065959800_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(01)02998-3","article-title":"Diaphragmatic endometriosis: diagnosis, surgical management, and long-term results of treatment","volume":"77","author":"Redwine","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2024080716065959800_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019.00029","DOI":"10.4293\/JSLS.2019.00029","article-title":"Thoracic endometriosis syndrome: a review of diagnosis and management","volume":"23","author":"Nezhat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Jsls"},{"key":"2024080716065959800_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.01.020","article-title":"Diaphragm endometriosis: random localization or extended form of pelvis endometriosis. A large comparative analysis of 202 cases","volume":"294","author":"Piriyev","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"2024080716065959800_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dem224","article-title":"Asymmetry in distribution of diaphragmatic endometriotic lesions: evidence in favour of the menstrual reflux theory","volume":"22","author":"Vercellini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2024080716065959800_ref14","first-page":"e39038","article-title":"A rare case of complete perforation of endometrial tissue through the mucosa of the sigmoid colon","volume":"15","author":"Do","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"2024080716065959800_ref15","first-page":"175","article-title":"Spontaneous ileocecal perforation induced by deep endometriosis","volume":"23","author":"Hosseini","year":"2019","journal-title":"JBRA Assist Reprod"},{"key":"2024080716065959800_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12206455","article-title":"Diaphragmatic endometriosis-a single-center retrospective analysis of the patients' demographics, symptomatology, and long-term treatment outcomes","volume":"12","author":"Naem","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Surgical Case Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jscr\/article-pdf\/2024\/8\/rjae485\/58756230\/rjae485.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jscr\/article-pdf\/2024\/8\/rjae485\/58756230\/rjae485.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T23:59:02Z","timestamp":1723075142000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jscr\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jscr\/rjae485\/7728165"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jscr\/rjae485","relation":{},"ISSN":["2042-8812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2042-8812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"article-number":"rjae485"}}