{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T02:33:01Z","timestamp":1769826781830,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":37,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Bloody nipple discharge in children is rare and often alarms families because of its malignant associations in adults. We describe two prepubertal boys (3 and 5\u00a0years) with unilateral, spontaneous, painless bloody nipple discharge without trauma, infection, systemic symptoms, or exogenous hormone exposure. Examinations showed only mild unilateral breast change, with no masses, skin or nipple abnormalities, or lymphadenopathy. Breast ultrasonography was the primary investigation: one child had retroareolar ductal dilatation with cystic change consistent with mammary duct ectasia; the other had normal breast architecture. When obtained, laboratory, microbiologic, and cytologic studies were unremarkable. Both patients were managed conservatively with caregiver counseling and structured clinical\/sonographic follow-up. Discharge resolved spontaneously within 14 and 8\u00a0months, respectively, with complete clinical and imaging resolution and no recurrence. These cases support ultrasound-based assessment and expectant management when no concerning features are present.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jscr\/rjag028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T12:43:05Z","timestamp":1768394585000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bloody nipple discharge in young children: mammary duct ectasia as a benign, self-limiting condition"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2026","author":[{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Al Blooshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, Al Jalilah Hospital , Dubai ,","place":["United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dalia D","family":"Abdulrahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dubai Medical University , Dubai ,","place":["United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wisam Salih","family":"Saad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Attendee, Pediatric Surgery, Al Jalila Children\u2019s Specialty Hospital , Dubai ,","place":["United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Usman","family":"Javaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery and Urology, Al Jalila Children\u2019s Specialty Hospital , Dubai ,","place":["United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vipul","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery and Urology, Al Jalila Children\u2019s Specialty Hospital , Dubai ,","place":["United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026013008450715500_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2015.08.049","article-title":"Bloody nipple discharge as a benign, self-limiting disorder in young children: a systematic review including two related case reports","volume":"50","author":"Acer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"2026013008450715500_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(83)80476-4","article-title":"Bloody nipple discharge in infancy","volume":"103","author":"Berkowitz","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2026013008450715500_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e814","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-0794","article-title":"Bloody nipple discharge in an infant and a proposed diagnostic approach","volume":"117","author":"Kelly","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"2026013008450715500_ref4","first-page":"e110105","article-title":"Bloody nipple discharge in an infant","volume":"11","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pediatr Neonatal Individ Med"},{"key":"2026013008450715500_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-005-1559-6","article-title":"Bloody nipple discharge in children: possible etiologies and selection of appropriate therapy","volume":"22","author":"\u0130mamoglu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Surg Int"},{"key":"2026013008450715500_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1002\/jcu.20407","article-title":"Mammary duct ectasia in infant breast with bloody nipple discharge: sonographic findings","volume":"36","author":"Bayrak","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Ultrasound"},{"key":"2026013008450715500_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsc.2021.101975","article-title":"Bloody nipple discharge in a three-month-old formula-fed infant","volume":"73","author":"Boyd","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg Case Rep"},{"key":"2026013008450715500_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.3345\/kjp.2010.53.10.917","article-title":"Bloody nipple discharge in an infant","volume":"53","author":"Seo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Korean J Pediatr"},{"key":"2026013008450715500_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.007","article-title":"Detection of duct ectasia of mammary gland by ultrasonography in a neonate with bloody nipple discharge","volume":"55","author":"Aydin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Neonatol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Surgical Case 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