{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T22:51:45Z","timestamp":1777071105014,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is evidence of glandular tissue in the region of the anterior vaginal wall\u2013female periurethral tissue (AVW-FPT) that has similar morphology and immunohistochemistry to the prostate in men. Surgical injury to this tissue has been suggested as a potential cause of sexual dysfunction following midurethral sling (MUS) procedures. However, the anatomy and embryology of these glands have not been fully resolved. This has led to difficulties in classifying this tissue as a prostate and defining its clinical significance related to MUS procedures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To describe the histological and immunohistochemical characteristics of the female periurethral glands using markers of prostate tissue and innervation and to examine their anatomical relationships to an implanted MUS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using gross and fine dissection, the AVW-FPT was dissected from 9 cadavers. Prior to dissection, 2 cadavers underwent simulation of the MUS procedure by a urogynecologist. Samples were paraffin embedded and serially sectioned. Immunohistochemistry was performed using markers of prostate tissue and innervation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Outcomes<\/jats:title><jats:p>Immunohistochemical localization of markers for prostatic tissue and innervation of the glandular tissue of the AVW-FPT, including the region of MUS implantation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Female periurethral glands were immunoreactive for markers of male prostatic tissue, including prostate-specific antigen, androgen receptor, HOXB13, and NKX3.1. Markers of innervation (protein gene product 9.5, choline acetyl transferase, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide) also localized to certain regions of the glandular tissue and associated blood supply. Surgical simulation of the MUS procedure demonstrated that some periurethral glands are located in close proximity to an implanted sling.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical Translation<\/jats:title><jats:p>The AVW-FPT contains glandular tissue in the surgical field of MUS implantation. Iatrogenic damage to the female periurethral glands and the associated innervation during surgery could explain the negative impacts on sexual dysfunction reported following MUS procedures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Strengths and Limitations<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is the first study to characterize the female periurethral glands using markers of prostatic tissue in concert with markers of general and autonomic innervation and characterize their anatomical relationships within the surgical field of MUS implantation. The small sample size is a limitation of this study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We provide further evidence that the AVW-FPT contains innervated glands that are phenotypically similar to the male prostate and may share a common embryonic origin. The microscopic and immunohistochemical features of the periurethral glands may be indicative of their functional capacity in sexual responses. The location of these glands in the surgical field of MUS procedures underscores the clinical significance of this tissue.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jsxmed\/qdac046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T12:21:02Z","timestamp":1675081262000},"page":"612-625","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The prostate in women: an updated histological and immunohistochemical profile of the female periurethral glands and their relationship to an implanted midurethral sling"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9535-0836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diane","family":"Tomalty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen\u2019s University , Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6 , Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5792-6152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivia","family":"Giovannetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen\u2019s University , Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6 , Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dionne","family":"Gaudet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen\u2019s University , Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6 , Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diandra","family":"Clohosey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen\u2019s University , Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6 , Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie-Andr\u00e9e","family":"Harvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kingston General Hospital , Kingston, ON, K7L 2V7 , Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shawna","family":"Johnston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kingston General Hospital , Kingston, ON, K7L 2V7 , Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barry","family":"Komisaruk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Rutgers University , Newark, NJ 07102 , United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Hannan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, East Carolina University , Greenville, NC 27834 , United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sue","family":"Goldstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego Sexual Medicine , San Diego, CA 92120 , United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irwin","family":"Goldstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego Sexual Medicine , San Diego, CA 92120 , United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael A","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen\u2019s University , Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6 , Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023050103301545400_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2021.12.002","article-title":"Should we call it a prostate? 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