{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T04:50:07Z","timestamp":1791521407106,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Health Insurance Foundation"},{"name":"Svend Andersen Foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007438","name":"Hede Nielsen Family Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007438","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Torben and Alice Frimodt Foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007290","name":"Obel Family Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007290","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"A. P. M\u00f8ller and Wife Chastine McKinney M\u00f8ller Foundation"},{"name":"Manufacturer Einar Willumsen Memorial Foundation"},{"name":"Oda and Hans Svenningsen Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sexual dysfunctions may negatively affect an individual\u2019s self-perceived womanhood or manhood, but whether gender nonconformity in childhood or adolescence can influence adult sexual functioning has not been examined so far.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To explore the possible link between recalled childhood gender nonconformity and sexual dysfunctions in adulthood in a large sample.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analyzed baseline questionnaire data from Project SEXUS, a nationally representative cohort study on sexual health among 15- to 89-year-old Danish citizens. Our sample included sexually active participants aged \u226518 years who were queried about gender nonconformity in childhood or adolescence (N\u2009=\u200921\u2009390). To capture sexual dysfunctions, we assessed (1) difficulties with lubrication, orgasm, vaginal cramps precluding sexual intercourse, and\/or genital pain during partnered sexual activity in women and (2) difficulties with erection, premature ejaculation, orgasm, and\/or genital pain during partnered sexual activity in men. Furthermore, we assessed whether such difficulties were perceived as problematic. The 6-item Female Sexual Function Index and the 5-item International Index of Erectile Function served as standardized measures. Polytomous logistic regression analyses yielded demographically weighted adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% CIs for associations between childhood gender nonconformity and sexual dysfunctions, controlling for age, sociodemographics, health-related factors, and other potential confounders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Outcomes<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sexual difficulties and dysfunctions, as well as scores on the Female Sexual Function Index and International Index of Erectile Function.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Age-adjusted odds ratios indicated that sexual dysfunctions were significantly more common among childhood gender-nonconforming than conforming participants. After controlling for additional potential confounders, most sexual dysfunctions\u2014notably, vaginal cramps in women (aOR,\u00a02.12; 95% CI, 1.25-3.60) and genital pain dysfunction in men (aOR,\u00a02.99; 95% CI, 1.79-4.99)\u2014remained significantly increased among childhood gender-nonconforming respondents.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical Implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>Findings suggest that self-perceived gender nonconformity in childhood or adolescence may negatively affect sexual functioning in adult life. If confirmed by future studies, they may warrant a clinical emphasis on such issues in sexologic treatment and care.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Strengths and Limitations<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study is the first to report associations between childhood gender nonconformity and adult sexual dysfunction, building on data from a large-scale, nationally representative cohort study. The retrospective assessment of childhood gender nonconformity via one item might have neglected significant dimensions of this construct.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present study is the first to show that individuals who recall being gender nonconforming in childhood or adolescence may be at a greater risk of experiencing sexual dysfunctions, particularly sexual pain disorders, as adults.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jsxmed\/qdad129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T14:54:30Z","timestamp":1696863270000},"page":"1451-1458","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Associations between recalled childhood gender nonconformity and adult sexual dysfunction in Denmark: baseline assessment in the Project SEXUS cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Thula U.","family":"Koops","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Sex 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