{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T18:31:39Z","timestamp":1793039499153,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology of the University of Padua"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Social factors and a lack of clearself-awareness may prevent women from explicitly reporting their non-heterosexuality, and implicit measures could provide more reliable data.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study examined non-heterosexuality and gynephilia in a large, global sample of women using implicit and explicit methods.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A sample of 491 women participated in this cross-sectional study. Participants completed a biographical questionnaire, the Autobiographical-Implicit Association Test, the Sexual Preference-Implicit Association Test (SP-IAT), and an explicit measure of sexual orientation. In a follow-up study, 263 participants were recontacted and completed the Autobiographical Sexual Orientation IAT and answered additional questions about their sexual behavior and preferences related to the stimuli on the SP-IAT.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Outcomes<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The main outcome measures were D-scores on implicit association tests and scores on explicit measures of sexual orientation and behaviors.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Implicit measures showed a higher rate of gynephilia (67.8%) than explicit non-heterosexuality (19.6%), with consistent results across continents. The findings suggest that women may be attracted to other women without necessarily desiring sexual encounters with them. Furthermore, the results suggest a degree of fluidity in sexual preferences in the female population.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Clinical Implications<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Studying the prevalence of gynephilia and non-heterosexuality in adult women can inform the development of health promotion programs tailored to women's diverse sexual experiences and preferences.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Strengths &amp; Limitations<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Strengths include the global sample and the use of both implicit and explicit measures. Limitations involve the cross-sectional web-based design, potential sample biases, and aspects related to the validity of the SP-IAT.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Implicit measures of non-heterosexuality appear to be less tied to social factors than explicit assessments. In women, gynephilia may not necessarily serve as a proxy for non-heterosexuality. Moreover, women seem to exhibit greater fluidity in sexual preferences and behaviors than men.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jsxmed\/qdae162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T12:00:44Z","timestamp":1732276844000},"page":"57-68","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Worldwide study reveals fluid sexual preferences in females and no association between gynephilia and non-heterosexuality"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Andrea S","family":"Camperio Ciani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Philosophy , Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, , Padua, 35139,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"University of Padua , Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, , Padua, 35139,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daiana","family":"Colledani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Philosophy , Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, , Padua, 35139,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"University of Padua , Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, , Padua, 35139,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Psychology , Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, , Rome, 00185,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Sapienza University of Rome , Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, , Rome, 00185,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2025040305021715300_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2020.09.011","article-title":"A worldwide internet study based on implicit association test revealed a higher prevalence of adult males\u2019 androphilia than ever reported before","volume":"18","author":"Colledani","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025040305021715300_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3168","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2016.2503","article-title":"The size of the LGBT population and the magnitude of antigay sentiment are substantially underestimated","volume":"63","author":"Coffman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Manag Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025040305021715300_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-017-1044-z","article-title":"Estimates of non-heterosexual prevalence: the roles of anonymity and privacy in survey methodology","volume":"47","author":"Robertson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025040305021715300_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1037\/ort0000030","article-title":"The health equity promotion model: reconceptualization of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) health disparities","volume":"84","author":"Fredriksen-Goldsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Orthop"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025040305021715300_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1754-9434.2009.01201.x","article-title":"The social and economic imperative of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered supportive organizational policies","volume":"3","author":"King","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ind Organ Psychol"},{"key":"2025040305021715300_ref6","volume-title":"Omosessuali Moderni: Gay e Lesbiche in Italia","author":"Barbagli","year":"2007"},{"issue":"1554","key":"2025040305021715300_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2004.2872","article-title":"Evidence for maternally inherited factors favouring male homosexuality and promoting female fecundity","volume":"271","author":"Camperio-Ciani","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc R Soc B Biol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025040305021715300_ref8","first-page":"219","article-title":"A study on the sexual and contraception behaviours of the pre-university students in Puglia (South-Italy)","volume":"52","author":"Tafuri","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Prev Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025040305021715300_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s12110-017-9309-8","article-title":"Possible balancing selection in human female homosexuality","volume":"29","author":"Camperio Ciani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum Nat"},{"key":"2025040305021715300_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4473\/TPM28.3.6","article-title":"Cross-cultural validation of a new abbreviated version of the epq-r","volume":"28","author":"Colledani","year":"2021","journal-title":"TPM - 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