{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,9]],"date-time":"2025-11-09T00:18:23Z","timestamp":1762647503387,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Xidian University Specially Funded Project for Interdisciplinary Exploration","award":["TZJHF202521"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TZJHF202521"]}]},{"name":"Science popularization activities of Shaanxi association for science and technology","award":["2023-2-1-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-2-1-3"]}]},{"name":"General Medical Research of Xi\u2019an Science and Technology Bureau","award":["23YXYJ0112","2022JH-YBYJ-0399"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23YXYJ0112","2022JH-YBYJ-0399"]}]},{"name":"Youth Fund Project of Youth Talent Program of Xi\u2019an Talent Plan","award":["XAYC211060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XAYC211060"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lifelong premature ejaculation (PE) is one of the most commonly reported male sexual dysfunctions, previous studies of lifelong PE-related brain structures used univariate analysis and showed inconsistent results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To explore the structural abnormalities and the potential neurotransmitter profile alterations in lifelong PE patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Based on T1-weighted anatomical data derived from 47 lifelong PE patients and 34 healthy controls (HCs), gray matter volume (GMV) maps were decomposed into independent components (ICs) by source-based morphometry technique to investigate the abnormal brain structure between groups. Shapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis was applied to assess the importance of the identified imaging features. Then, spatial association analyses were applied to explore possible relationships between GMV abnormalities and neurotransmitter profiles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Outcomes<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Study outcomes included GMV by two sample t test between groups, spatial correlation between identified components and neurotransmitter profiles, and the importance of the identified imaging features in SHAP analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>GMV abnormalities were mainly located in the default mode network, prefrontal cortex and temporal lobe in lifelong PE. The SHAP analysis revealed that GMV components of IC22, IC25, and IC1 constitute the most critical features for classification prediction. Moreover, GMV abnormalities were correlated with the serotoninergic, dopaminergic, gamma-aminobutric acid, glutamatergic, and noradrenergic systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings help to better understanding the underlying pathological mechanisms of lifelong PE and provide a basis for formulating targeted treatment strategies in the future.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Strengths &amp; limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrated the structure-neurotransmitter associations of lifelong PE by combining multivariate analysis with neurotransmitter profiles. Moreover, SHAP interpretability analysis was used to ensure model accountability in machine learning. The sample size of our study was relatively small. To enhance generalizability, larger-scale cohorts and independent validation datasets will be collected in the future.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings provided further evidence of GMV abnormalities in lifelong PE relevant to self-referential information processing and ejaculatory inhibition controlling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jsxmed\/qdaf262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,14]],"date-time":"2025-09-14T11:37:59Z","timestamp":1757849879000},"page":"1958-1966","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Brain structural changes in lifelong premature ejaculation patients: insights from multivariate and neurotransmitter analyses"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Jiarui","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention , Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, 710054 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pinxiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital , Xi\u2019an , Shaanxi, 710100,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianyong","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Xi'an Daxing Hospital Affiliated to Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, \u00a0 Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710082 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Xi'an Daxing Hospital Affiliated to Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, \u00a0 Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710082 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