{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T10:35:42Z","timestamp":1762079742033,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,20]],"date-time":"2020-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001704","name":"European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Travellers infected with Schistosoma spp. might be pauci- or even asymptomatic on first presentation. Therefore, schistosomiasis may remain undiagnosed in this population. Active infection, as evidenced by the presence of the tissue-dwelling worm, can be demonstrated via the detection of adult worm-derived circulating anodic antigen (CAA) utilising a robust well-described lateral flow-(LF) based test applying background-free up-converting reporter particles (UCP). In this prospective study, we assessed the diagnostic value of serum and urine UCP-LF CAA test in comparison with two Schistosoma-specific serological assays detecting antibodies against adult worm antigen-immuno fluorescence assay (AWA-IFA) and against soluble egg antigen\u2013enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (SEA-ELISA) antigens in travellers.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Samples were collected from 106 Dutch travellers who reported freshwater contact in sub-Saharan Africa and who were recruited up to 2 years after return. Subjects were asked to complete a detailed questionnaire on travel history, water contact, signs and symptoms compatible with schistosomiasis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Two travellers were positive by serum CAA and an additional one by urine CAA. A total of 22\/106 (21%) samples were antibody positive by AWA-IFA and 9\/106 (9%) by SEA-ELISA. At follow-up 6\u00a0weeks and 6\u00a0months after praziquantel treatment, all seropositives remained antibody positive whereas CAA was cleared. Seropositivity could not be predicted by the type of fresh water-related activity, country visited or symptoms reported.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The low number of UCP-LF CAA positives suggests that in travellers, active infections often do not establish or have very low worm burden. Based on our high seroconversion rates, we conclude that the AWA-IFA assay is the most sensitive test to detect schistosome exposure. Given the lack of predictive symptoms or risk factors, we recommend schistosomiasis screening at least by serology in all travellers with reported freshwater contact in high-endemic areas.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taaa055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,14]],"date-time":"2020-04-14T11:09:24Z","timestamp":1586862564000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Antigen-based diagnosis of Schistosoma infection in travellers: a prospective study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5514-6996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miriam","family":"Casacuberta-Partal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Centre, L4-Q, PO Box 9600, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline J","family":"Janse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Centre, L4-Q, PO Box 9600, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roos","family":"van Schuijlenburg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Centre, L4-Q, PO Box 9600, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jutte J C","family":"de Vries","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marianne A A","family":"Erkens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kitty","family":"Suijk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mari\u00eblle","family":"van Aalst","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaap J","family":"Maas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Health and Safety Service, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin P","family":"Grobusch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Perry J J","family":"van Genderen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Tropical Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"de Dood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul L A M","family":"Corstjens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Govert J","family":"van Dam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Centre, L4-Q, PO Box 9600, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisette","family":"van Lieshout","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Centre, L4-Q, PO Box 9600, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meta","family":"Roestenberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Centre, L4-Q, PO Box 9600, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020071411225024000_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61949-2","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis","volume":"383","author":"Colley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020071411225024000_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2012.04.002","article-title":"Travel related illness in short-term volunteers from the UK to developing countries","volume":"10","author":"Wyler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020071411225024000_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6920-10-89","article-title":"Health risks encountered by Dutch medical students during an elective in the tropics and the quality and comprehensiveness of pre-and post-travel care","volume":"10","author":"Sharafeldin","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"2020071411225024000_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90077-4","article-title":"Presentation and outcome of 1107 cases of schistosomiasis from Africa diagnosed in a non-endemic country","volume":"94","author":"Whitty","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2020071411225024000_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-013-0329-1","article-title":"Schistosomiasis: current epidemiology and management in travelers","volume":"15","author":"Meltzer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Infect Dis Rep"},{"key":"2020071411225024000_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0594","article-title":"Post-travel screening of asymptomatic long-term travelers to the tropics for intestinal parasites using molecular diagnostics","volume":"90","author":"Soonawala","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2020071411225024000_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2006.05.006","article-title":"La bilharziose d'importation chez les voyageurs: enqu\u00eate en France m\u00e9tropolitaine","volume":"27","author":"Agbessi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev Med Interne"},{"key":"2020071411225024000_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2010.11.002","article-title":"Schistosomiasis in travellers and migrants","volume":"9","author":"Clerinx","year":"2011","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020071411225024000_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)01511-5","article-title":"Schistosomiasis in Lake Malawi","volume":"348","author":"Cetron","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020071411225024000_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.03.014","article-title":"New diagnostic tools in schistosomiasis","volume":"21","author":"Utzinger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2020071411225024000_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(86)90334-2","article-title":"An evaluation of the ELISA for schistosomiasis in a hospital population","volume":"80","author":"Tosswill","year":"1986","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2020071411225024000_ref12","first-page":"257","article-title":"Immunodiagnosis of schistosomiasis patients in The Netherlands: comparison of antibody and antigen detection before and after chemotherapy","volume":"41","author":"de Jonge","year":"1990","journal-title":"Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"2020071411225024000_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(00)00115-7","article-title":"Immunodiagnosis of schistosomiasis by determination of the circulating antigens CAA and CCA, in particular in individuals with recent or light infections","volume":"77","author":"van Lieshout","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"2020071411225024000_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2013.06.017","article-title":"A robust dry reagent lateral flow assay for diagnosis of active schistosomiasis by detection of Schistosoma circulating anodic antigen","volume":"135","author":"van Dam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"2020071411225024000_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182014000626","article-title":"Tools for diagnosis, monitoring and screening of Schistosoma infections utilizing lateral-flow based assays and upconverting phosphor labels","volume":"141","author":"Corstjens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"2020071411225024000_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-018-3303-x","article-title":"Improved diagnosis of active Schistosoma infection in travellers and migrants using the ultra-sensitive in-house lateral flow test for detection of circulating anodic antigen (CAA) in serum","volume":"37","author":"van Grootveld","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020071411225024000_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0759-x","article-title":"A controlled human Schistosoma mansoni infection model to advance novel drugs, vaccines and diagnostics","volume":"26","author":"Langenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2020071411225024000_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540902756505","article-title":"The schistosoma-specific antibody response after treatment in non-immune travellers","volume":"41","author":"Duus","year":"2009","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020071411225024000_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8305.2009.00387.x","article-title":"High rate of failure in treatment of imported schistosomiasis","volume":"17","author":"Helleberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"2020071411225024000_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/jtm.12098","article-title":"Failure of repeated treatment with praziquantel and arthemeter in four patients with acute schistosomiasis","volume":"21","author":"Pratic\u00f2","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"2020071411225024000_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.09.023","article-title":"A new global strategy for the elimination of schistosomiasis","volume":"54","author":"Ross","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020071411225024000_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(89)90506-3","article-title":"Recognition of gut-associated antigens by immunoglobulin M in the indirect fluorescent antibody test for schistosomiasis mansoni","volume":"83","author":"Deelder","year":"1989","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2020071411225024000_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1980.29.401","article-title":"Applicability of different antigen preparations in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for schistosomiasis mansoni*","volume":"29","author":"Deelder","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2020071411225024000_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182097001091","article-title":"A method for the isolation of schistosome eggs and miracidia free of contaminating host tissues","volume":"115","author":"Dalton","year":"1997","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"2020071411225024000_ref25","first-page":"107","article-title":"Immunology of experimental infections with Schistosoma mansoni in the Swiss mouse and Fasciola hepatica in the rabbit","volume":"39","author":"Deelder","year":"1973","journal-title":"Acta Leiden"},{"key":"2020071411225024000_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003959","article-title":"Is PCR the next reference standard for the diagnosis of Schistosoma in stool? A comparison with microscopy in Senegal and Kenya","volume":"9","author":"Meurs","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2020071411225024000_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1179\/136485908X337490","article-title":"Application of a circulating-cathodic-antigen (CCA) strip test and real-time PCR, in comparison with microscopy, for the detection of Schistosoma haematobiumin urine samples from Ghana","volume":"102","author":"Obeng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"volume-title":"Castor Electronic Data Capture","year":"2019","author":"Castor","key":"2020071411225024000_ref28"},{"key":"2020071411225024000_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000086248","article-title":"The infection of laboratory hosts with cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni and the recovery of the adult worms","volume":"55","author":"Smithers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"2020071411225024000_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.2310\/7060.2005.12505","article-title":"Schistosomiasis and US peace corps volunteers in Tanzania","volume":"12","author":"Outwater","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"2020071411225024000_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.79.729","article-title":"Characteristics of schistosomiasis in travelers reported to the GeoSentinel surveillance network 1997\u20132008","volume":"79","author":"Nicolls","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2020071411225024000_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0034","article-title":"Schistosomiasis in European travelers and migrants: analysis of 14 years TropNet surveillance data","volume":"97","author":"Lingscheid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2020071411225024000_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.2310\/7060.2005.00003","article-title":"Presentation and diagnosis of imported schistosomiasis: relevance of eosinophilia, microscopy for ova, and serology","volume":"12","author":"Bierman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Travel Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Travel Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jtm\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jtm\/taaa055\/33101862\/taaa055.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jtm\/article-pdf\/27\/4\/taaa055\/33494709\/taaa055.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jtm\/article-pdf\/27\/4\/taaa055\/33494709\/taaa055.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]],"date-time":"2020-07-14T15:36:16Z","timestamp":1594740976000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jtm\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jtm\/taaa055\/5822102"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,18]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jtm\/taaa055","relation":{},"ISSN":["1195-1982","1708-8305"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1195-1982"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1708-8305"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,18]]},"article-number":"taaa055"}}