{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T18:55:06Z","timestamp":1792090506483,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,19]],"date-time":"2020-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011094","name":"Public Health Agency of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011094","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009519","name":"Ottawa Hospital Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009519","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fonds de Recherche du Qu\u00e9bec\u2014Sant\u00e9"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001804","name":"Canada Research Chairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Achieving tuberculosis (TB) elimination in low TB incidence countries requires identification and treatment of individuals at risk for latent TB infection (LTBI). Persons travelling to high TB incidence countries are potentially at risk for TB exposure. This systematic review and meta-analysis estimates incident LTBI and active TB among individuals travelling from low to higher TB incidence countries.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Five electronic databases were searched from inception to 18 February 2020. We identified incident LTBI and active TB among individuals travelling from low (&amp;lt;10 cases\/100\u2009000 population) to intermediate (10\u2013100\/100\u2009000) or high (&amp;gt;100\/100\u2009000) TB incidence countries. We conducted a meta-analysis and meta-regression using a random effects model of log-transformed proportions (cumulative incidence). Subgroup analyses investigated the impact of travel duration, travel purpose and TB incidence in the destination country.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our search identified 799 studies, 120 underwent full-text review, and 10 studies were included. These studies included 1\u2009154\u2009673 travellers observed between 1994 and 2013, comprising 443 health care workers (HCW), 1\u2009068\u2009636 military personnel and 85\u2009594 general travellers\/volunteers. We did not identify any studies that estimated incidence of LTBI or active TB among people travelling to visit friends and relatives (VFRs). The overall cumulative incidence of LTBI was 2.3%, with considerable heterogeneity. Among individuals travelling for a mean\/median of up to 6\u00a0months, HCWs had the highest cumulative incidence of LTBI (4.3%), whereas the risk was lower for military (2.5%) and general travellers\/volunteers (1.6%). Meta-regression did not identify a difference in incident LTBI based on travel duration and TB incidence in the destination country. Five studies reported cases of active TB, with an overall pooled estimate of 120.7 cases per 100\u2009000 travellers.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We found that travelling HCWs were at highest risk of developing LTBI. Individual risk activities and travel purpose were most associated with risk of TB infection acquired during travel.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taaa214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,14]],"date-time":"2020-11-14T20:09:26Z","timestamp":1605384566000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Risk of latent and active tuberculosis infection in travellers: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Tanya R","family":"Diefenbach-Elstob","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, 3755 C\u00f4te Ste-Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, McGill University, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Suite D05-2212, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Balqis","family":"Alabdulkarim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, McGill University, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Rm D05.5840, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paromita","family":"Deb-Rinker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Agency of Canada, 130 Colonnade Road, A.L. 6501H, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey M","family":"Pernica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Schwarzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Stra\u03b2e 26, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dick","family":"Menzies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McGill International TB Centre, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Room EM3.3212, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada"},{"name":"Montreal Chest Institute, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada"},{"name":"Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 2155 Guy Street, Suite 500, Montreal, Quebec, H3H 2R9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Shrier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, 3755 C\u00f4te Ste-Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, 5858 C\u00f4te-des-Neiges Road, 3rd floor, Montreal, Quebec H3S 1Z1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Schwartzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McGill International TB Centre, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Room EM3.3212, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada"},{"name":"Montreal Chest Institute, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada"},{"name":"Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 2155 Guy Street, Suite 500, Montreal, Quebec, H3H 2R9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Greenaway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, 3755 C\u00f4te Ste-Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, McGill University, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Suite D05-2212, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, SMBD-Jewish General Hospital, 3755 C\u00f4te Ste-Catherine Road, Montreal, 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