{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T15:13:16Z","timestamp":1792595596465,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,27]],"date-time":"2020-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011015","name":"International Society of Travel Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NU50CK000478-02-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU50CK000478-02-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011094","name":"Public Health Agency of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011094","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Rationale for review<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In response to increased concerns about emerging infectious diseases, GeoSentinel, the Global Surveillance Network of the International Society of Travel Medicine in partnership with the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), was established in 1995 in order to serve as a global provider-based emerging infections sentinel network, conduct surveillance for travel-related infections and communicate and assist global public health responses. This review summarizes the history, past achievements and future directions of the GeoSentinel Network.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Key findings<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Funded by the US CDC in 1996, GeoSentinel has grown from a group of eight US-based travel and tropical medicine centers to a global network, which currently consists of 68 sites in 28 countries. GeoSentinel has provided important contributions that have enhanced the ability to use destination-specific differences to guide diagnosis and treatment of returning travelers, migrants and refugees. During the last two decades, GeoSentinel has identified a number of sentinel infectious disease events including previously unrecognized outbreaks and occurrence of diseases in locations thought not to harbor certain infectious agents. GeoSentinel has also provided useful insight into illnesses affecting different traveling populations such as migrants, business travelers and students, while characterizing in greater detail the epidemiology of infectious diseases such as typhoid fever, leishmaniasis and Zika virus disease.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Surveillance of travel- and migration-related infectious diseases has been the main focus of GeoSentinel for the last 25\u00a0years. However, GeoSentinel is now evolving into a network that will conduct both research and surveillance. The large number of participating sites and excellent geographic coverage for identification of both common and illnesses in individuals who have traversed international borders uniquely position GeoSentinel to make important contributions of travel-related infectious diseases in the years to come.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taaa219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]],"date-time":"2020-11-23T04:06:30Z","timestamp":1606104390000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["GeoSentinel: past, present and future"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Davidson H","family":"Hamer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Crosstown 308, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, MA 02118, USA"},{"name":"Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Crosstown 308, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, MA 02118, USA"},{"name":"National Emerging Infectious Disease Laboratory, Boston University, Crosstown 308, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aisha","family":"Rizwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoSentinel, International Society of Travel Medicine, 11720 Amber Park Drive, Suite 160, Alpharetta, GA 30009, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David O","family":"Freedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave S, BBRB 201, Birmingham, AL 35294 2170, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phyllis","family":"Kozarsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases (Emerita), Department of Medicine, Emory University, 2500 Peachtree Road NW, Suite 505, Atlanta, GA 30305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3416-6482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Libman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"J.D. 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