{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:26:19Z","timestamp":1787009179638,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":140,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,6]],"date-time":"2021-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Rationale for review: Enteric fever (EF) caused by Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi (Salmonella Typhi) and S. Paratyphi (Salmonella Paratyphi) remains an important cause of infectious morbidity and mortality in many low-income countries and, therefore, still poses a major infectious risk for travellers to endemic countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Main findings: Although the global burden of EF has decreased over the past two decades, prevalence of EF remains high in Asia and Africa, with the highest prevalence reported from the Indian subcontinent. These statistics are mirrored by data on travel-related EF. Widespread and increasing antimicrobial resistance has narrowed treatment options for travel-related EF. Ceftriaxone- and azithromycin-based therapies are commonly used, even with the emergence of extremely drug-resistant typhoid in Pakistan. Preventive measures among locals and travellers include provision of safe food and water and vaccination. Food and water precautions offer limited protection, and the efficacy of Salmonella Typhi vaccines is only moderate signifying the need for travellers to be extra cautious.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Recommendations: Improvement in the diagnosis of typhoid with high degree of clinical suspicion, better diagnostic assays, early and accurate detection of resistance, therapy with appropriate drugs, improvements in hygiene and sanitation with provision of safe drinking water in endemic areas and vaccination among travellers as well as in the endemic population are keys to controlling typhoid. While typhoid vaccines are recommended for travellers to high-risk areas, moderate efficacy and inability to protect against Salmonella Paratyphi are limitations to bear in mind. Improved Salmonella Typhi vaccines and vaccines against Salmonella Paratyphi A are required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taab012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]],"date-time":"2021-02-04T07:51:31Z","timestamp":1612425091000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Typhoid and paratyphoid fever: a clinical seminar"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Abi","family":"Manesh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eyal","family":"Meltzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine `C', Center for Geographic Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel"},{"name":"Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celina","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Pediatrics, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl","family":"Britto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Pediatrics, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Divya","family":"Deodhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sneha","family":"Radha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eli","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine `C', Center for Geographic Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel"},{"name":"Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priscilla","family":"Rupali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17020615","article-title":"Travel-related typhoid fever: narrative review of the scientific literature","volume":"17","author":"Muresu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IJERPH"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"taz026","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taz026","article-title":"Climate change impact on migration, travel, travel destinations and the tourism industry","volume":"26","author":"Semenza","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref3","author":"GBD Results Tool|GHDx"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0005376","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005376","article-title":"The burden of typhoid fever in low- and middle-income countries: a meta-regression approach","volume":"11","author":"Antill\u00f3n","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S105","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy1094","article-title":"Global typhoid fever incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"68","author":"Marchello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S363","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ691","article-title":"Three epidemics of invasive multidrug-resistant Salmonella bloodstream infection in Blantyre, Malawi, 1998\u20132014","volume":"61","author":"Feasey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.2471\/blt.06.039818","article-title":"A study of typhoid fever in five Asian countries: disease burden and implications for controls","volume":"86","author":"Ochiai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004616","article-title":"The burden of typhoid and paratyphoid in India: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"John","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0006051","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006051","article-title":"A 23-year retrospective investigation of Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi isolated in a tertiary Kathmandu hospital","volume":"11","author":"Zellweger","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0204479","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204479","article-title":"The epidemiology of typhoid fever in the Dhulikhel area, Nepal: a prospective cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Petersiel","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S188","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy522","article-title":"Phase I of the surveillance for enteric fever in Asia project (SEAP): an overview and lessons learned","volume":"218","author":"Barkume","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref12","volume-title":"Surveillance for Enteric Fever in India [Internet]","author":"John"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0046","article-title":"Typhoidal Salmonella trends in Thailand","volume":"99","author":"Techasaensiri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0035","article-title":"The control of typhoid fever in Vietnam","volume":"99","author":"Nga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S124","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy1109","article-title":"Incidence of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers among adolescents and adults in Yangon, Myanmar","volume":"68","author":"Oo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e310","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30022-0","article-title":"Incidence of invasive Salmonella disease in sub-Saharan Africa: a multicentre population-based surveillance study","volume":"5","author":"Marks","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S177","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy1126","article-title":"Epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella enterica bloodstream isolates among febrile children in a Rural District in Northeastern Tanzania: a cross-sectional study","volume":"68","author":"Msemo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2016.05.006","article-title":"Extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae causing bloodstream infections in rural Ghana, 2007-2012","volume":"306","author":"Eibach","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S492","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz525","article-title":"A systematic review of typhoid fever occurrence in Africa","volume":"69","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S422","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz715","article-title":"The severe typhoid fever in Africa program: study design and methodology to assess disease severity, host immunity, and carriage associated with invasive salmonellosis","volume":"69","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S510","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz597","article-title":"The monitoring and evaluation of a multicountry surveillance study, the severe typhoid fever in Africa program","volume":"69","author":"Mogeni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S459","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz608","article-title":"A multicenter cost-of-illness and long-term socioeconomic follow-up study in the severe typhoid fever in Africa program: study protocol","volume":"69","author":"Ramani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30685-6","article-title":"The global burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"19","author":"GBD 2017 Typhoid and Paratyphoid Collaborators","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0551","article-title":"Acute and potentially life-threatening tropical diseases in western travelers\u2014a GeoSentinel multicenter study, 1996\u20132011","volume":"88","author":"Jensenius","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2015.08.006","article-title":"Epidemiology of travel-associated infections in Oman 1999\u20132013: a retrospective analysis","volume":"13","author":"Al-Abri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2404.171542","article-title":"Region-specific, life-threatening diseases among international Travelers from Israel, 2004\u20132015","volume":"24","author":"Avni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw232","article-title":"Changing patterns in enteric fever incidence and increasing antibiotic resistance of enteric fever isolates in the United States, 2008-2012","volume":"63","author":"Date","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0120926","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120926","article-title":"East London experience with enteric fever 2007-2012","volume":"10","author":"Dave","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0775","article-title":"Cardiac involvement in Travelers with enteric fever","volume":"100","author":"Biber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.2310\/7060.2005.12405","article-title":"Risk of travel-associated typhoid and paratyphoid fevers in various regions","volume":"12","author":"Ekdahl","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7722-0","article-title":"Pre-travel health care attendance among migrant travellers visiting friends and relatives (VFR): a 10-year retrospective analysis","volume":"19","author":"Ferrara","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-2059-0","article-title":"Low and declining attack rates of imported typhoid fever in the Netherlands 1997\u20132014, in spite of a restricted vaccination policy","volume":"16","author":"Suryapranata","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trw053","article-title":"Geographical and temporal trends in imported infections from the tropics requiring inpatient care at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London\u2014a 15 year study","volume":"110","author":"Marks","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref34","volume-title":"Typhoid & Paratyphoid Fever \u2013 Chapter 4 \u2013 2020 Yellow Book | Travelers\u2019 Health | CDC"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0303.970325","article-title":"Paratyphoid fever due to Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi A","volume":"3","author":"Kapil","year":"1997","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis J CDC"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref36","first-page":"13","volume-title":"Enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid) in England, Wales and Northern Ireland 2017"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e32833c7ca1","article-title":"Enteric fever: a travel medicine oriented view","volume":"23","author":"Meltzer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2668","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.20.2668","article-title":"Laboratory-based surveillance of Salmonella serotype Typhi infections in the United States: antimicrobial resistance on the rise","volume":"283","author":"Ackers","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1229","article-title":"Typhoid fever in the United States, 1999\u20132006","volume":"302","author":"Lynch","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/tay059","article-title":"Enteric fever among children: 50 cases in a French tertiary care Centre","volume":"25","author":"Pommelet","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S499","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz705","article-title":"Spatial and temporal patterns of typhoid and paratyphoid fever outbreaks: a worldwide review, 1990\u20132018","volume":"69","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0004346","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004346","article-title":"The ecological dynamics of Fecal contamination and Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A in municipal Kathmandu drinking water","volume":"10","author":"Karkey","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref43","article-title":"Investigation of typhoid fever and cholera transmission by raw wastewater irrigation Santiago, Chile","author":"Shuval","journal-title":"Water Sci Technol"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-970","article-title":"A descriptive study of reportable gastrointestinal illnesses in Ontario, Canada, from 2007 to 2009","volume":"12","author":"Vrbova","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit723","article-title":"A large outbreak of Salmonella Paratyphi A infection among Israeli Travelers to Nepal","volume":"58","author":"Meltzer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1086\/345762","article-title":"Association between helicobacter pylori infection and increased risk of typhoid fever","volume":"186","author":"Bhan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04874.x","article-title":"Systematic review: the use of proton pump inhibitors and increased susceptibility to enteric infection","volume":"34","author":"Bavishi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S206","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy502","article-title":"Retrospective review of hospital-based data on enteric fever in India, 2014\u20132015","volume":"218","author":"Sur","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.2310\/7060.2005.12507","article-title":"Enteric fever in Israeli travelers: a nationwide study","volume":"12","author":"Meltzer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15112427","article-title":"Epidemiological trend of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers in Zhejiang Province, China from 1953 to 2014","volume":"15","author":"Gu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.5001\/omj.2018.87","article-title":"Epidemiological and clinical Features of Salmonella Typhi infection among adult patients in Qatar: a hospital-based study","volume":"33","author":"Ahmedullah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oman Med J"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1086\/650575","article-title":"Sex and gender differences in travel-associated disease","volume":"50","author":"Schlagenhauf","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2006.03087.x","article-title":"PARK2\/PACRG polymorphisms and susceptibility to typhoid and paratyphoid fever","volume":"144","author":"Ali","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1086\/317940","article-title":"Genes of the class II and class III major histocompatibility complex are associated with typhoid fever in Vietnam","volume":"183","author":"Dunstan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E7746","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1706070114","article-title":"Human genetic variation in VAC14 regulates Salmonella invasion and typhoid fever through modulation of cholesterol","volume":"114","author":"Alvarez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S435","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz477","article-title":"Occurrence of typhoid fever complications and their relation to duration of illness preceding hospitalization: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis","volume":"69","author":"Cruz Espinoza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/jtm.12048","article-title":"Near-fatal myocarditis complicating typhoid fever in a traveler returning from Nepal","volume":"20","author":"Palombo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"tax063","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/tax063","article-title":"Encephalitis in a traveller with typhoid fever: efficacy of corticosteroids","volume":"24","author":"Mellon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8305.1995.tb00645.x","article-title":"Clinical importance of Salmonella Paratyphi A infection to enteric fever in Nepal","volume":"2","author":"Shlim","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1086\/503033","article-title":"Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A and S. enterica serovar Typhi cause indistinguishable clinical syndromes in Kathmandu, Nepal","volume":"42","author":"Maskey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1910.92550360001001a","article-title":"The value of blood-cultures in the diagnosis of typhoid fever","volume":"LIV","author":"Todd","year":"1910","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001606","article-title":"Enteric fever in children in western Sydney, Australia, 2003-2015","volume":"36","author":"Khatami","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-016-0147-z","article-title":"What proportion of Salmonella Typhi cases are detected by blood culture? A systematic literature review","volume":"15","author":"Mogasale","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"tax071","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/tax071","article-title":"Oral typhoid vaccine and culture independent testing for travelers\u2019 diarrhea","volume":"24","author":"Connor","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-45","article-title":"Searching for the elusive typhoid diagnostic","volume":"10","author":"Baker","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-653","article-title":"A comparative study of Widal test with blood culture in the diagnosis of typhoid fever in febrile patients","volume":"7","author":"Andualem","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-1248-6","article-title":"Evaluation of sensitivity and specificity of ELISA against Widal test for typhoid diagnosis in endemic population of Kathmandu","volume":"15","author":"Adhikari","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0004558","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004558","article-title":"Comparison of the performance of the TPTest, Tubex, Typhidot and Widal immunodiagnostic assays and blood cultures in detecting patients with typhoid fever in Bangladesh, including using a Bayesian latent class Modeling approach","volume":"10","author":"Islam","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2006.06.024","article-title":"Evaluation of new-generation serologic tests for the diagnosis of typhoid fever: data from a community-based surveillance in Calcutta, India","volume":"56","author":"Dutta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.11.087627","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of typhoid fever rapid antibody tests for laboratory diagnosis at two sub-Saharan African sites","volume":"89","author":"Keddy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD008892","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008892.pub2","article-title":"Rapid diagnostic tests for typhoid and paratyphoid (enteric) fever","volume":"5","author":"Wijedoru","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4172\/2161-0703.1000248","article-title":"Diagnostic value of Widal test in the diagnosis of typhoid fever: a systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Mengist","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med Microbiol Diagn"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2017.01.006","article-title":"Blood culture-PCR to optimise typhoid fever diagnosis after controlled human infection identifies frequent asymptomatic cases and evidence of primary bacteraemia","volume":"74","author":"Darton","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0992","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of a multiplex PCR for the detection of Salmonella enterica Serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A from blood specimens in a high-endemic setting","volume":"101","author":"Pouzol","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3281","article-title":"Phylogeographical analysis of the dominant multidrug-resistant H58 clade of Salmonella Typhi identifies inter- and intracontinental transmission events","volume":"47","author":"Wong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S165","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy1111","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance and typhoid","volume":"68","author":"Dyson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12762","article-title":"Enteric fever in India: current scenario and future directions","volume":"21","author":"Divyashree","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix185","article-title":"Treatment response in enteric fever in an era of increasing antimicrobial resistance: an individual patient data analysis of 2092 participants enrolled into 4 randomized, controlled trials in Nepal","volume":"64","author":"Thompson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00530-7","article-title":"Gatifloxacin versus ceftriaxone for uncomplicated enteric fever in Nepal: an open-label, two-Centre, randomised controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Arjyal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref80","volume-title":"PAHO\/WHO | 10 October 2018: Salmonella serovar Typhi haplotype H58 \u2013 Epidemiological Alert","author":"Villegoureix"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2006.07.001","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Salmonella enterica (serotypes Typhi and Paratyphi A) from blood isolates in Nepal: surveillance of resistance and a search for newer alternatives","volume":"10","author":"Pokharel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00105-18","article-title":"Emergence of an extensively drug resistant Salmonella enteric serovar Typhi clone harboring a promiscuous plasmid encoding resistance to fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporins","volume":"9","author":"Klemm","year":"2018","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6920a2","article-title":"Update on extensively drug-resistant Salmonella serotype Typhi infections among travelers to or from Pakistan and report of ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella serotype Typhi infections among Travelers to Iraq\u2014United States, 2018\u20132019","volume":"69","author":"Watkins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"taz036","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taz036","article-title":"Global geographic trends in antimicrobial resistance: the role of international travel","volume":"26","author":"Frost","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000672","article-title":"Drug resistance in Salmonella Typhi: implications for South Asia and travel","volume":"33","author":"Radha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref86","volume-title":"Typhoid Fever in the U.S. Pediatric Population, 1999\u20132015: Opportunities for Improvement | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-013-1878-9","article-title":"Decreased ciprofloxacin susceptibility in Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi infections in ill-returned travellers: the impact on clinical outcome and future treatment options","volume":"32","author":"Hassing","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-009-0732-6","article-title":"Increasing rates and clinical consequences of nalidixic acid-resistant isolates causing enteric fever in returned travellers: an 18-year experience","volume":"28","author":"Hume","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0006380","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006380","article-title":"Open label comparative trial of mono versus dual antibiotic therapy for typhoid fever in adults","volume":"12","author":"Zmora","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6801a3","article-title":"Emergence of extensively drug-resistant Salmonella Typhi infections among travelers to or from Pakistan\u2014United States, 2016\u20132018","volume":"68","author":"Chatham-Stephens","year":"2019","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.21.1900289","article-title":"Ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi in a pregnant traveller returning from Karachi, Pakistan to Denmark, 2019","volume":"24","author":"Engsbro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2019.e00492","article-title":"The first Canadian pediatric case of extensively drug-resistant Salmonella Typhi originating from an outbreak in Pakistan and its implication for empiric antimicrobial choices","volume":"15","author":"Wong","year":"2019","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"taz066","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taz066","article-title":"Imported extensively drug resistant typhoid fever in a child travelling to Spain from Pakistan","volume":"26","author":"L\u00f3pez-Segura","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0005964","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005964","article-title":"The clinical and microbiological characteristics of enteric fever in Cambodia, 2008\u20132015","volume":"11","author":"Kuijpers","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1062","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30312-7","article-title":"Typhoid fever outbreak with severe complications in Yucatan, Mexico","volume":"6","author":"Bano-Zaidi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2756","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.04729-14","article-title":"Clinically and microbiologically derived azithromycin susceptibility breakpoints for Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A","volume":"59","author":"Parry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2523","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002523","article-title":"Gatifloxacin versus Ofloxacin for the treatment of uncomplicated enteric fever in Nepal: an open-label, randomized, controlled trial","volume":"7","author":"Koirala","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.4103\/1755-6783.205534","article-title":"Study comparing ceftriaxone with azithromycin for the treatment of uncomplicated typhoid fever in children of India","volume":"10","author":"Nair","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.4103\/0022-3859.97172","article-title":"A meta-analysis comparing the safety and efficacy of azithromycin over the alternate drugs used for treatment of uncomplicated enteric fever","volume":"58","author":"Trivedi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Postgrad Med"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004530.pub4","article-title":"Fluoroquinolones for treating typhoid and paratyphoid fever (enteric fever)","volume":"10","author":"Effa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70089-5","article-title":"Gatifloxacin versus chloramphenicol for uncomplicated enteric fever: an open-label, randomised, controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Arjyal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-54.7.563","article-title":"Salmonella: a postmodern pathogen","volume":"54","author":"Tauxe","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0624","article-title":"Typhoid outbreaks, 1989\u20132018: implications for prevention and control","volume":"102","author":"Appiah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-045359-0.50011-7","article-title":"Remote Travel Vaccines: The Undulating Fortunes of Typhoid Vaccines","author":"Meltzer","year":"2007"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref105","first-page":"49","article-title":"Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper","volume":"83","year":"2008","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.316.7125.110","article-title":"Typhoid fever vaccines: a meta-analysis of studies on efficacy and toxicity","volume":"316","author":"Engels","year":"1998","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD001261","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001261.pub3","article-title":"Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever","author":"Anwar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-005-7454-6","article-title":"Outbreak of typhoid fever in vaccinated members of the French armed forces in the Ivory Coast","volume":"20","author":"Michel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.11.051","article-title":"Duration of Vi antibodies in participants vaccinated with Typhim Vi (typhoid Vi polysaccharide vaccine) in an area not endemic for typhoid fever","volume":"28","author":"Froeschle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"tav023","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/tav023","article-title":"The tolerability of a combined hepatitis a and typhoid vaccine in children aged 2\u201316 years: an observational study","volume":"23","author":"Lau","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2010.00970.x","article-title":"Immunology of gut mucosal vaccines","volume":"239","author":"Pasetti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.61.3.1149-1151.1993","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of Salmonella Typhi Ty21a vaccine in young Thai children","volume":"61","author":"Cryz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.04.028","article-title":"Typhoid fever vaccination strategies","volume":"33","author":"Date","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"tax022","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/tax022","article-title":"A case report of anaphylaxis to typhoid vaccine live oral Ty21a (Vivotif)","volume":"24","author":"Haas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD001261","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001261.pub4","article-title":"Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever","volume":"5","author":"Milligan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ295","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of a vi polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (Typbar-TCV) in healthy infants, children, and adults in typhoid endemic areas: a multicenter, 2-cohort, open-label, double-blind, randomized controlled phase 3 study","volume":"61","author":"Mohan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2015.1117715","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of vi-tetanus toxoid conjugated typhoid vaccine (PedaTyph\u2122) in Indian children: school based cluster randomized study","volume":"12","author":"Mitra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.08.001","article-title":"TyVAC consortium meeting group: the typhoid vaccine acceleration consortium (TyVAC): vaccine effectiveness study designs: accelerating the introduction of typhoid conjugate vaccines and reducing the global burden of enteric fever. Report from a meeting held on 26\u201327 October 2016, Oxford, UK","volume":"35","author":"Meiring","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S67","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy1106","article-title":"Assessing the impact of a vi-polysaccharide conjugate vaccine in preventing typhoid infections among Nepalese children: a protocol for a phase III, randomized control trial","volume":"68","author":"Theiss-Nyland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S59","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy1104","article-title":"A phase II, randomized, double-blind, controlled safety and immunogenicity trial of typhoid conjugate vaccine in children under 2 years of age in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso: a methods paper","volume":"68","author":"Laurens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S74","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy1107","article-title":"Assessing the impact of a vi-polysaccharide conjugate vaccine in preventing typhoid infection among Bangladeshi children: a protocol for a phase IIIb trial","volume":"68","author":"Theiss-Nyland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S138","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy1125","article-title":"Logistics of implementing a large-scale typhoid vaccine trial in Kathmandu, Nepal","volume":"68","author":"Colin-Jones","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S146","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy1110","article-title":"Community engagement before initiation of typhoid conjugate vaccine trial in schools in two urban townships in Blantyre, Malawi: experience and lessons","volume":"68","author":"Meiring","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S183","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy1119","article-title":"The design and analysis of Seroefficacy studies for typhoid conjugate vaccines","volume":"68","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.05.001","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness analysis of typhoid conjugate vaccines in five endemic low- and middle-income settings","volume":"35","author":"Antill\u00f3n","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S232","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix598","article-title":"Comparison of strategies and incidence thresholds for vi conjugate vaccines against typhoid fever: a cost-effectiveness Modeling study","volume":"218","author":"Lo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S83","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy1122","article-title":"A review of the economic evidence of typhoid fever and typhoid vaccines","volume":"68","author":"Luthra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70241-X","article-title":"Immunogenicity and safety of the vi-CRM197 conjugate vaccine against typhoid fever in adults, children, and infants in south and Southeast Asia: results from two randomised, observer-blind, age de-escalation, phase 2 trials","volume":"14","author":"Bhutta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.29054","article-title":"Vaccines against invasive Salmonella disease: current status and future directions","volume":"10","author":"MacLennan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S96","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy1108","article-title":"Predicting the impact of typhoid conjugate vaccines on antimicrobial resistance","volume":"68","author":"Kaufhold","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S117","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy1124","article-title":"Epidemiology of typhoid and paratyphoid: implications for vaccine policy","volume":"68","author":"Saha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0428","article-title":"Evaluating PCR-based detection of Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi A in the environment as an enteric fever surveillance tool","volume":"100","author":"Saha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S171","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy1118","article-title":"Accelerating typhoid conjugate vaccine introduction: what can be learned from prior new vaccine introduction initiatives?","volume":"68","author":"Jamka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"tay090","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/tay090","article-title":"Typhoid vaccine responses in travellers treated with immunosuppressive therapy","volume":"25","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268808000654","article-title":"Multiplex PCR for differential diagnosis of emerging typhoidal pathogens directly from blood samples","volume":"137","author":"Ali","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref136","year":"2017"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2472","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32149-9","article-title":"Efficacy and immunogenicity of a Vi-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine in the prevention of typhoid fever using a controlled human infection model of Salmonella Typhi: a randomised controlled, phase 2b trial","volume":"390","author":"Jin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"tay120","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/tay120","article-title":"Prevention of enteric fever in travellers with typhoid conjugate vaccines","volume":"25","author":"Britto","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.03.106","article-title":"Status of paratyphoid fever vaccine research and development","volume":"34","author":"Martin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2021121312115592900_ref140","first-page":"736","article-title":"Enteric fever: an Israeli perspective","volume":"9","author":"Meltzer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Isr Med Assoc J"}],"container-title":["Journal of Travel Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jtm\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jtm\/taab012\/36337256\/taab012.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jtm\/article-pdf\/28\/3\/taab012\/41730731\/taab012.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jtm\/article-pdf\/28\/3\/taab012\/41730731\/taab012.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]],"date-time":"2021-12-13T07:12:25Z","timestamp":1639379545000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jtm\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jtm\/taab012\/6129661"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,6]]},"references-count":140,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jtm\/taab012","relation":{},"ISSN":["1195-1982","1708-8305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1195-1982","type":"print"},{"value":"1708-8305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,6]]},"article-number":"taab012"}}