{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T10:20:22Z","timestamp":1790850022056,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]],"date-time":"2021-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1155005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1155005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Typhoid fever is a notifiable disease within Australia. Although studies in endemic regions give an indication of acquisition risk, many countries lack reliable data, and little is known of the absolute or relative risk in Australian travellers. By combining notified case data with travel statistics provided by the Australian Bureau of Statistics, the aim of this study was to give an indication of risk for typhoid acquisition among Australian travellers.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Australian typhoid notifications between 1st January 2010 and 30th June 2017 were grouped by country of acquisition and age category (&amp;lt;15 or\u2009\u226515\u00a0years). Australian travel data were used to inform time at risk and incidence rate of Australian typhoid notifications pertaining to country and region of acquisition. Salmonella Paratyphi infections, though notifiable, were excluded as the focus was vaccine preventable illness. Data from New South Wales and Victoria were used to examine the incidence in those acquiring infection in their country of birth (COB) against travellers who did not.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Nine hundred twenty-three cases of typhoid were notified over the period of review, 96% of which were acquired overseas. The greatest determinant of risk was travel destination, with countries in south Asia associated with highest crude incidence rate (252 per 100\u2009000 person-years), particularly Bangladesh. Younger age and immigrants returning to their COB were generally associated with higher risk of acquisition.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The risk of typhoid fever in Australian travellers to endemic regions is considerable. Immigrants returning to their COB appear to be at higher risk and it is likely that this risk extends to their traveling dependents. These findings help clinicians and public health officials to plan and advise pre-travel vaccination strategies with at-risk individuals and groups. Additional sociodemographic data collection with Australian typhoid notifications would enhance the surveillance of differing international travel risk groups leaving Australia.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taab150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T19:18:38Z","timestamp":1633029518000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Typhoid fever in travellers: estimating the risk of acquisition by country"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Daniel P","family":"Forster","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Events, COVID-19 Response, Engagement & Delivery, Department of Health, VIC, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, VIC, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Leder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, VIC, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, VIC, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021122911113976100_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30685-6","article-title":"The global burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017","volume":"19","author":"Stanaway","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021122911113976100_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S24","DOI":"10.1086\/518141","article-title":"Ty21a live oral typhoid vaccine and prevention of paratyphoid fever caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi B","volume":"45","author":"Levine","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021122911113976100_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taab012","article-title":"Typhoid and paratyphoid fever: a clinical seminar","volume":"28","author":"Manesh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"2021122911113976100_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(75)92194-7","article-title":"Relative efficacy of blood, urine, rectal swab, bone-marrow, and rose-spot cultures for recovery of Salmonella Typhi in typhoid fever","volume":"1","author":"Gilman","year":"1975","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021122911113976100_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.4.1571-1576.2001","article-title":"Quantitation of bacteria in bone marrow from patients with typhoid fever: relationship between counts and clinical features","volume":"39","author":"Wain","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2021122911113976100_ref6","first-page":"346","article-title":"The global burden of typhoid fever","volume":"82","author":"Crump","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"2021122911113976100_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e570","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(14)70301-8","article-title":"Burden of typhoid fever in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic, literature-based update with risk-factor adjustment","volume":"2","author":"Mogasale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2021122911113976100_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1351-3","article-title":"Revisiting typhoid fever surveillance in low and middle income countries: lessons from systematic literature review of population-based longitudinal studies","volume":"16","author":"Mogasale","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021122911113976100_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005376","article-title":"The burden of typhoid fever in low- and middle-income countries: a meta-regression approach","volume":"11","author":"Antill\u00f3n","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2021122911113976100_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0032","article-title":"Introductory article on global burden and epidemiology of typhoid fever","volume":"99","author":"Radhakrishnan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2021122911113976100_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S105","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy1094","article-title":"Global typhoid fever incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"68","author":"Marchello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021122911113976100_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0905.020428","article-title":"Estimating the incidence of typhoid fever and other febrile illnesses in developing countries","volume":"9","author":"Crump","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021122911113976100_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.04.055","article-title":"Effectiveness of typhoid vaccination in US travelers","volume":"32","author":"Mahon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2021122911113976100_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/jtm.12178","article-title":"Effectiveness of the typhoid vi vaccine in overseas travelers from England","volume":"22","author":"Wagner","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"2021122911113976100_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70239-5","article-title":"Typhoid and paratyphoid fever in travelers","volume":"5","author":"Connor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021122911113976100_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.14745\/ccdr.v40i04a01","article-title":"Summary of the statement on international travelers and typhoid by the committee to advise on tropical medicine and travel (CATMAT)","volume":"40","author":"Greenaway","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can Commun Dis Rep"},{"key":"2021122911113976100_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-2059-0","article-title":"Low and declining attack rates of imported typhoid fever in the Netherlands 1997-2014, in spite of a restricted vaccination policy","volume":"16","author":"Suryapranata","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021122911113976100_ref18","volume-title":"Typhoid fever case definition [Internet]","author":"Communicable Diseases Network Australia","year":"2021"},{"key":"2021122911113976100_ref19","volume-title":"National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System [Internet]","author":"Communicable Diseases Network Australia","year":"2021"},{"key":"2021122911113976100_ref20","author":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"key":"2021122911113976100_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"tax044","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/tax044","article-title":"Risk activities and pre-travel health seeking practices of notified cases of imported infectious diseases in Australia","volume":"24","author":"Paudel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"2021122911113976100_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3554","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268816001734","article-title":"The contribution of travelers visiting friends and relatives to notified infectious diseases in Australia: state-based enhanced surveillance","volume":"144","author":"Heywood","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"2021122911113976100_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.14801","article-title":"Pre-traveler typhoid vaccinations for Australian children visiting friends and relatives overseas. A call to (inject) arms","volume":"56","author":"Yap","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"2021122911113976100_ref24","volume-title":"Visitor arrivals and resident returns by country, Industry, tourism and transport, overseas arrivals and departures [Internet - table]","author":"Australian Bureau of Statistics","year":"2021"},{"key":"2021122911113976100_ref25","volume-title":"Standard Australian Classification of Countries (SACC)","author":"Australian Bureau of Statistics","year":"2016"},{"key":"2021122911113976100_ref26","volume-title":"2016 Census Quick Stats Australian population [Internet]","author":"Australian Bureau of Statistics","year":"2016"},{"key":"2021122911113976100_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.06.039818","article-title":"A study of typhoid fever in five Asian countries: disease burden and implications for controls","volume":"86","author":"Ochiai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"2021122911113976100_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0035","article-title":"The control of typhoid fever in Vietnam","volume":"99","author":"Nga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2021122911113976100_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0634","article-title":"Estimation of incidence of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Vientiane, Lao People\u2019s Democratic Republic","volume":"102","author":"Chanthavilay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2021122911113976100_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0637","article-title":"Typhoid in Laos: an 18-year perspective","volume":"102","author":"Roberts","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2021122911113976100_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S395","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz611","article-title":"The invisible burden: diagnosing and combatting typhoid fever in Asia and Africa","volume":"69","author":"Pitzer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021122911113976100_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S124","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy1109","article-title":"Incidence of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers among adolescents and adults in Yangon","volume":"68","author":"Oo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Myanmar Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021122911113976100_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S120","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa314","article-title":"Tenacious endemic typhoid fever in Samoa","volume":"71","author":"Sikorski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021122911113976100_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.12644","article-title":"Enteric fever in the Pacific: a regional retrospective study from Auckland, New Zealand","volume":"45","author":"Lane","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"key":"2021122911113976100_ref35","volume-title":"Notifiable diseases in NZ: annual reports 2010\u20132017 [Internet]","author":"ESR, funded by the Ministry of Health, New Zealand"},{"key":"2021122911113976100_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trz075","article-title":"A retrospective study of patients with blood culture-confirmed typhoid fever in Fiji during 2014\u20132015: epidemiology, clinical features, treatment and outcome","volume":"113","author":"Getahun Strobel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2021122911113976100_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12367","article-title":"Typhoid fever in Fiji: a reversible plague?","volume":"19","author":"Thompson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"2021122911113976100_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw232","article-title":"Changing patterns in enteric fever incidence and increasing antibiotic resistance of enteric fever isolates in the United States, 2008-2012","volume":"63","author":"Date","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021122911113976100_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix229","article-title":"An appraisal of the clinical features of pediatric enteric fever: systematic review and meta-analysis of the age-stratified disease occurrence","volume":"64","author":"Britto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021122911113976100_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120926","article-title":"East London experience with enteric fever 2007-2012","volume":"10","author":"Dave","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021122911113976100_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8305.2006.00033.x","article-title":"Illness in returned travelers and immigrants\/refugees: the 6-year experience of two Australian infectious diseases units","volume":"13","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Travel Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Travel Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jtm\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jtm\/taab150\/40815640\/taab150.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jtm\/article-pdf\/28\/8\/taab150\/41959269\/taab150.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jtm\/article-pdf\/28\/8\/taab150\/41959269\/taab150.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]],"date-time":"2021-12-29T12:52:44Z","timestamp":1640782364000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jtm\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jtm\/taab150\/6383558"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jtm\/taab150","relation":{},"ISSN":["1195-1982","1708-8305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1195-1982","type":"print"},{"value":"1708-8305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]]},"article-number":"taab150"}}