{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T19:47:03Z","timestamp":1789501623595,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]],"date-time":"2021-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638835200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Australian National Health and Medical Research Council","award":["APP1193826"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1193826"]}]},{"name":"Australian National Health and Medical Research Council","award":["APP1158469"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1158469"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Currently, there is limited data on long-term persistence of antibodies and boostability of intradermal (ID) rabies pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) schedules. This study investigated travellers who received a primary ID PrEP schedule at least 5\u00a0years previously to determine the persistence of antibodies and subsequent antibody response after one 0.1-ml ID booster dose.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Adults (age\u2009\u2265\u200918\u00a0years) who had previously received ID PrEP at a specialist travel medicine clinic in Brisbane, Australia were included. At Day 0, blood was collected for serology and one dose of 0.1-ml ID rabies vaccine (Verorab\u00ae) was administered. At Day 7, serology was repeated. At Day 14, participants were given results and enquired if they experienced adverse events following immunization (AEFIs). Antibodies were measured using Platelia Rabies II ELISA; levels \u22650.5 EU\/mL were considered antibody-positive.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>158 participants were included [64.6% female, median age at enrolment 56.4\u00a0years, interquartile range (IQR) 42.4\u201365.2\u00a0years], and median time since the primary ID PrEP was 8.5\u00a0years (IQR 6.9\u201311.7\u00a0years). The majority of participants (82.3%) were antibody-positive at Day 0. The proportion of participants who were antibody-positive at Day 0 was higher among those who were younger at primary vaccination (87.0% if aged&amp;lt;50\u00a0years, 75.8% of aged \u226550\u00a0years). The proportion of participants who were antibody-positive declined as median time since primary vaccination increased, though the trend was not statistically significant (p-trend\u2009=\u20090.187). All except one participant (99.4%) were antibody-positive after one ID booster dose. AEFIs were reported by 42.4% of participants and were mainly mild.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Rabies antibodies persist for many years after ID PrEP and can be rapidly boosted with a single ID dose. Future studies are needed to confirm that ID PrEP primes the immune system sufficiently so that boosters are not routinely needed, and only given in the event of a rabies-prone exposure.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taab188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T12:13:03Z","timestamp":1638360783000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Long-term persistence of antibodies and boostability after rabies intradermal pre-exposure prophylaxis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Deborah J","family":"Mills","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr Deb The Travel Doctor, Travel Medicine Alliance, Brisbane, QLD, Australia"},{"name":"Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colleen L","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr Deb The Travel Doctor, Travel Medicine Alliance, Brisbane, QLD, Australia"},{"name":"Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia"},{"name":"School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr Deb The Travel Doctor, Travel Medicine Alliance, Brisbane, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Furuya-Kanamori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia"},{"name":"UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022032516105304200_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.11.007","article-title":"Rabies vaccination for international travelers","volume":"30","author":"Gautret","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2022032516105304200_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.5694\/mja10.11413","article-title":"Animal bites and rabies exposure in Australian travellers","volume":"195","author":"Mills","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"2022032516105304200_ref3","volume-title":"Rabies Vaccines: WHO Position Paper \u2013 April 2018","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2018"},{"key":"2022032516105304200_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1111\/jtm.12024","article-title":"The global availability of rabies immune globulin and rabies vaccine in clinics providing direct care to Travelers","volume":"20","author":"Jentes","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"2022032516105304200_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006951-e","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006951","article-title":"Rabies post-exposure prophylaxis started during or after travel: a GeoSentinel analysis","volume":"12","author":"Gautret","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2022032516105304200_ref6","volume-title":"Australian Government - Department of Health. Rabies and Other Lyssaviruses","year":"2018"},{"key":"2022032516105304200_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8305.2011.00540.x","article-title":"The immunogenicity of a modified intradermal pre-exposure rabies vaccination schedule--a case series of 420 travelers","volume":"18","author":"Mills","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"2022032516105304200_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy420","article-title":"Rabies antibody response after booster immunization: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"67","author":"Langedijk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022032516105304200_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy513","article-title":"Preexposure intradermal rabies vaccination: a noninferiority trial in healthy adults on shortening the vaccination schedule from 28 to 7 days","volume":"68","author":"Soentjens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022032516105304200_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.02.027","article-title":"Survival of neutralizing antibody in previously rabies vaccinated subjects: a prospective study showing long lasting immunity","volume":"24","author":"Suwansrinon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2022032516105304200_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/403201","article-title":"Immunogenicity of simulated PCECV postexposure booster doses 1, 3, and 5 years after 2-dose and 3-dose primary rabies vaccination in schoolchildren","volume":"2011","author":"Kamoltham","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv Prev Med"},{"key":"2022032516105304200_ref12","volume-title":"WHO Expert Committee on Rabies [meeting held in Geneva from 24 to 30 September 1991] : eighth report","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1992"},{"key":"2022032516105304200_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.5694\/mja13.11166","article-title":"Using automated text messages to monitor adverse events following immunization in general practice","volume":"200","author":"Leeb","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"2022032516105304200_ref14","volume-title":"The Immunological Basis for Immunization Series: Module 17: Rabies (2017 update)","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2017"},{"key":"2022032516105304200_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.09.058","article-title":"Rabies pre-exposure prophylaxis elicits long-lasting immunity in humans","volume":"34","author":"Mansfield","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2022032516105304200_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2011.12.005","article-title":"Current rabies vaccines and prophylaxis schedules: preventing rabies before and after exposure","volume":"10","author":"Warrell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022032516105304200_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"taab060","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taab060","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of ELISA kits for measurement of rabies antibodies","volume":"28","author":"Ling","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"2022032516105304200_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taaa006","article-title":"Intradermal rabies pre-exposure vaccination schedules in older travellers: comparison of immunogenicity post-primary course and post-booster","volume":"27","author":"Furuya-Kanamori","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Travel Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Travel Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jtm\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jtm\/taab188\/41939751\/taab188.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jtm\/article-pdf\/29\/2\/taab188\/42973176\/taab188.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jtm\/article-pdf\/29\/2\/taab188\/42973176\/taab188.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]],"date-time":"2022-03-25T20:53:30Z","timestamp":1648241610000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jtm\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jtm\/taab188\/6454967"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jtm\/taab188","relation":{},"ISSN":["1195-1982","1708-8305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1195-1982","type":"print"},{"value":"1708-8305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]]},"article-number":"taab188"}}