{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:06:45Z","timestamp":1792786005850,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]],"date-time":"2022-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["71904170"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71904170"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology","award":["2018ZX10721102\u2013003-006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018ZX10721102\u2013003-006"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology","award":["2018ZX10715013\u2013003-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018ZX10715013\u2013003-003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An updated analysis of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) from a global perspective is missing from the literature. We aimed to assess the global burden and trends of NTDs from 1990 to 2019.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Yearly incident case, mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) data for NTDs were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019) based on global, regional, country, social development index (SDI), age and sex categories. The age-standardized rate (ASR) and number of incident cases, mortality and DALYs were computed from 1990 to 2019. The estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) in the ASR was calculated to quantify the changing trend.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Globally, the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and the number of incident cases of total NTDs increased between 1990 and 2019, whereas the age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), mortality, age-standardized DALY rate and DALYs of total NTDs decreased. Although tropical Latin America, South Asia, Southeast Asia and Oceania had the highest ASIR for total NTDs in 2019, tropical Latin America was the only region to experience a decreasing trend in ASIR from 1673.5 per 100\u2009000 in 2010 to 1059.2 per 100\u2009000 in 2019. The middle, high-middle and high SDI regions experienced increasing ASIR trends between 1990 and 2019, whereas the low-middle SDI region remained stable, and the low SDI region presented a decreasing trend. Children and older adults were vulnerable to dengue, rabies and leishmaniasis (cutaneous and mucocutaneous). Females had a higher ASIR but a lower ASMR and age-standardized DALY rate than males.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NTDs still represent a serious problem for public health, and the increasing ASIR and incident cases globally may require more targeted strategies for prevention, control and surveillance, especially among specific populations and endemic areas.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taac031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]],"date-time":"2022-03-03T07:07:41Z","timestamp":1646291261000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Global burden and trends of neglected tropical diseases from 1990 to 2019"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Yushi","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases , National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, , Hangzhou , China"},{"name":"Zhejiang University , National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, , Hangzhou , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kailu","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases , National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, , Hangzhou , China"},{"name":"Zhejiang University , National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, , Hangzhou , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases , National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, , Hangzhou , China"},{"name":"Zhejiang University , National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, , Hangzhou , China"},{"name":"Department of General Practice , The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, , Hangzhou , China"},{"name":"Zhejiang University , The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, , Hangzhou , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong-liang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Interventional Treatment Center , Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, , Hangzhou , China"},{"name":"Zhejiang University , Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, , Hangzhou , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases , National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, , Hangzhou , China"},{"name":"Zhejiang University , National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, , Hangzhou , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022060100252474300_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-020-0630-9","article-title":"Neglected tropical diseases: an effective global response to local poverty-related disease priorities","volume":"9","author":"Engels","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"2022060100252474300_ref2","first-page":"36","article-title":"Neglected tropical diseases: epidemiology and global burden. Trop med","volume":"2","author":"Mitra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022060100252474300_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002865","article-title":"The global burden of disease study 2010: interpretation and implications for the neglected tropical diseases","volume":"8","author":"Hotez","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2022060100252474300_ref4","article-title":"The neglected epidemic of chronic diseases","volume":"366","author":"Hotez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022060100252474300_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensci.2015.11.002","article-title":"Disregard of neurological impairments associated with neglected tropical diseases in Africa","volume":"3","author":"Quansah","year":"2016","journal-title":"eNeurologicalSci"},{"key":"2022060100252474300_ref6","volume-title":"Ending the Neglect to Attain the Sustainable Development Goals: A Road Map for Neglected Tropical Diseases 2021\u20132030: Overview","author":"WHO","year":"2020"},{"key":"2022060100252474300_ref7","volume-title":"A Road Map For Implementation","author":"WHO","year":"2012"},{"key":"2022060100252474300_ref8","author":"Network NTDN-GO"},{"key":"2022060100252474300_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2015.06.002","article-title":"Neglected tropical diseases in the post-genomic era","volume":"31","author":"Buscaglia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Genet"},{"key":"2022060100252474300_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006559","article-title":"The burden of neglected tropical diseases in Brazil, 1990-2016: a subnational analysis from the global burden of disease study 2016","volume":"12","author":"Martins-Melo","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2022060100252474300_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00045-14","article-title":"Emerging and reemerging neglected tropical diseases: a review of key characteristics, risk factors, and the policy and innovation environment","volume":"27","author":"Mackey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2022060100252474300_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taz100","article-title":"Schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis and Chagas disease: the leading imported neglected tropical diseases in Italy","volume":"27","author":"Zammarchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"2022060100252474300_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taaa179","article-title":"Neglected tropical diseases in non-endemic countries in the era of COVID-19 pandemic: the great forgotten","volume":"28","author":"Tilli","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"2022060100252474300_ref14","first-page":"3","article-title":"Mortality and disability-adjusted life-years (Dalys) for common neglected tropical diseases in Ethiopia, 1990-2015: evidence from the global burden of disease study 2015","volume":"55","author":"Deribew","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ethiop Med J"},{"key":"2022060100252474300_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)00026-8","article-title":"The global burden of dengue: an analysis from the global burden of disease study 2013","volume":"16","author":"Stanaway","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022060100252474300_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006697","article-title":"Burden of leishmaniasis in Brazil and federated units, 1990-2016: findings from global burden of disease study 2016","volume":"12","author":"Bezerra","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2022060100252474300_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002704","article-title":"Incorporating scale dependence in disease burden estimates: the case of human African trypanosomiasis in Uganda","volume":"8","author":"Hackett","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2022060100252474300_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004560","article-title":"Between-country inequalities in the neglected tropical disease burden in 1990 and 2010, with projections for 2020","volume":"10","author":"Stolk","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2022060100252474300_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.12688\/gatesopenres.12827.1","article-title":"Slaying little dragons: the impact of the Guinea worm eradication program on dracunculiasis disability averted from 1990 to 2016","volume":"2","author":"Cromwell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gates Open Res"},{"key":"2022060100252474300_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9","article-title":"Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"396","author":"Vos","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2022060100252474300_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S110","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61364-1","article-title":"Meta-regression with DisMod-MR: how robust is the model?","volume":"381","author":"Peterson","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2022060100252474300_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz223","article-title":"Ensemble modelling in descriptive epidemiology: burden of disease estimation","volume":"49","author":"Bannick","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2022060100252474300_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3670","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3733","article-title":"Estimating average annual per cent change in trend analysis","volume":"28","author":"Clegg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"2022060100252474300_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30388-9","article-title":"Guidelines for accurate and transparent health estimates reporting: the GATHER statement","volume":"388","author":"Stevens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022060100252474300_ref25","article-title":"Global urbanization and the neglected tropical diseases","volume":"11","author":"Hotez","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2022060100252474300_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-021-00470-2","article-title":"The global trends and regional differences in incidence of dengue infection from 1990 to 2019: an analysis from the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"10","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect Dis Ther"},{"key":"2022060100252474300_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3125","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_716_19","article-title":"A notorious vector-borne disease: dengue fever, its evolution as public health threat","volume":"8","author":"Pathak","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Fam Med Prim Care"},{"key":"2022060100252474300_ref28","volume-title":"Uniting to Combat Neglected Tropical Diseases. Ending the Neglect & Reaching 2020 Goals","author":"Diseases LDoNT"},{"key":"2022060100252474300_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31510-6","article-title":"Human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"390","author":"B\u00fcscher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022060100252474300_ref30","volume-title":"Health in All Policies: Report on Perspectives and Intersectoral Actions in the South-East Asia Region","author":"WHO","year":"2011"},{"key":"2022060100252474300_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00048-18","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00048-18","article-title":"Recent development of visceral Leishmaniasis treatments: successes, pitfalls, and perspectives","volume":"31","author":"Alves","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2022060100252474300_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(05)61004-4","article-title":"Control of Chagas disease","volume":"61","author":"Yamagata","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"key":"2022060100252474300_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2014.07.009","article-title":"Trends in schistosomiasis-related mortality in Brazil, 2000-2011","volume":"44","author":"Martins-Melo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"2022060100252474300_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000300","article-title":"The neglected tropical diseases of Latin America and the Caribbean: a review of disease burden and distribution and a roadmap for control and elimination","volume":"2","author":"Hotez","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2022060100252474300_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182016002341","article-title":"Epidemiology of soil-transmitted helminthiases-related mortality in Brazil","volume":"144","author":"Martins-Melo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"2022060100252474300_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2013.03.017","article-title":"Progress towards the control and elimination of neglected tropical diseases in Brazil","volume":"89","author":"Gabrielli","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2022060100252474300_ref37","volume-title":"Coordinated Use of Anthelminthic Drugs in Control Interventions: A Manual for Health Professionals and Programme Managers","author":"WHO","year":"2006"},{"key":"2022060100252474300_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1179\/136485908X337454","article-title":"The onchocerciasis elimination program for the Americas (OEPA)","volume":"102","author":"Sauerbrey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"2022060100252474300_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taz075","article-title":"Delay in schistosomiasis diagnosis and treatment: a multicenter cohort study in Italy","volume":"27","author":"Comelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"2022060100252474300_ref40","first-page":"299","article-title":"Epidemiology of dengue: past, present and future prospects","volume":"5","author":"Murray","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2022060100252474300_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-019-3376-6","article-title":"Efficacy of the In2Care\u00ae auto-dissemination device for reducing dengue transmission: study protocol for a parallel, two-armed cluster randomised trial in the Philippines","volume":"20","author":"Salazar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"2022060100252474300_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2012.05.002","article-title":"Community perception regarding rabies prevention and stray dog control in urban slums in India","volume":"5","author":"Herbert","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"2022060100252474300_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.26264","article-title":"Making rabies prophylaxis more economical: immunogenicity and safety results from a preliminary study using a 2-1 intramuscular regimen in healthy volunteers","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"}],"container-title":["Journal of Travel Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jtm\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jtm\/taac031\/42960051\/taac031.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jtm\/article-pdf\/29\/3\/taac031\/43899415\/taac031.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jtm\/article-pdf\/29\/3\/taac031\/43899415\/taac031.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T20:26:00Z","timestamp":1654028760000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jtm\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jtm\/taac031\/6541668"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jtm\/taac031","relation":{},"ISSN":["1195-1982","1708-8305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1195-1982","type":"print"},{"value":"1708-8305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]]},"article-number":"taac031"}}