{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T15:17:58Z","timestamp":1793114278304,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]],"date-time":"2022-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Italy was the first country after China to be severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, in early 2020. The country responded swiftly to the outbreak with a nationwide two-step lockdown, the first one light and the second one tight. By analyzing 2020 national mobile phone movements, we assessed how lockdown compliance influenced its efficacy.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We measured individual mobility during the first epidemic wave with mobile phone movements tracked through carrier networks, and related this mobility to daily new SARS-CoV-2 infections, hospital admissions, intensive care admissions and deaths attributed to COVID-19, taking into account reason for travel (work-related or not) and the means of transport.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The tight lockdown resulted in an 82% reduction in mobility for the entire country and was effective in swiftly curbing the outbreak as indicated by a shorter time-to-peak of all health outcomes, particularly for provinces with the highest mobility reductions and the most intense COVID-19 spread. Reduction of work-related mobility was accompanied by a nearly linear benefit in outbreak containment; work-unrelated movements had a similar effect only for restrictions exceeding 50%. Reduction in mobility by car and by airplane was nearly linearly associated with a decrease in most COVID-19 health outcomes, while for train travel reductions exceeding 55% had no additional beneficial effects. The absence of viral variants and vaccine availability during the study period eliminated confounding from these two sources.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Adherence to the COVID-19 tight lockdown during the first wave in Italy was high and effective in curtailing the outbreak. Any work-related mobility reduction was effective, but only high reductions in work-unrelated mobility restrictions were effective. For train travel, there was a threshold above which no further benefit occurred. These findings could be particular to the spread of SARS-CoV-2, but might also apply to other communicable infections with comparable transmission dynamics.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taac081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]],"date-time":"2022-07-25T10:59:24Z","timestamp":1658746764000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Substantial impact of mobility restrictions on reducing COVID-19 incidence in Italy in 2020"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0551-2473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Vinceti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental , Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Section of Public Health, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, , 41125 Modena , Italy"},{"name":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Section of Public Health, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, , 41125 Modena , Italy"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health , Boston, MA 02118 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5484-2113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erica","family":"Balboni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental , Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Section of Public Health, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, , 41125 Modena , Italy"},{"name":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Section of Public Health, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, , 41125 Modena , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2398-1705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth J","family":"Rothman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health , Boston, MA 02118 , USA"},{"name":"RTI Health Solutions, Research Triangle Park , NC 27709 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7375-0599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Teggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering \u2018Enzo Ferrari\u2019, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , 41125 Modena , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1149-3835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Bellino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Italian National Institute of Health , 00161 Rome , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0805-2927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrizio","family":"Pezzotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Italian National Institute of Health , 00161 Rome , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3980-0075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TerrAria srl , 20125 Milan , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2210-5634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Orsini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm, 11365 Stockholm , 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USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022092009432204700_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aba9757","article-title":"The effect of travel restrictions on the spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak","volume":"368","author":"Chinazzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2022092009432204700_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32883","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2012326117","article-title":"COVID-19 lockdown induces disease-mitigating structural changes in mobility networks","volume":"117","author":"Schlosser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2022092009432204700_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100457","article-title":"Lockdown timing and efficacy in controlling COVID-19 using mobile phone 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