{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T17:36:21Z","timestamp":1781804181533,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001411","name":"Indian Council of Medical Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Covaxin\/BBV152 is one of the most widely used vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and one of the few vaccines used extensively in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We investigated the effect of Covaxin on the SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG and IgA and neutralizing antibody (NAb) levels at baseline (M0) and at Months 1 (M1), 2 (M2), 3 (M3), 4 (M4), 6 (M6) and 12 (M12) following vaccination in healthcare workers. In addition, we also examined the NAb levels against variant lineages of B.1.617.2 (Delta, India), B.1.617.2.1 (Delta Plus, India), B.1.351 (Beta, SA), B.1.1.7 (Alpha, UK) and B.1.1.529 (Omicron).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Covaxin induces enhanced SARS-CoV-2 binding antibodies of IgG and IgA responses against both spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) antigens at M1, M2, M3, M4, M6 and M12 in comparison with M0. Our data also reveal that NAb levels against the ancestral strain (Wuhan, wild type) are elevated and sustained at M1, M2, M3, M4, M6 and M12 in comparison with M0 and against variant lineages of B.1.617.2 (Delta, India), B.1.617.2.1 (Delta Plus, India), B.1.351 (Beta, SA) and B.1.1.7 (Alpha, UK) are elevated at M3, M6 and M12 in comparison with M0. However, NAb levels against B.1.1.529 (Omicron) was consistently below the limit of detection except at M12.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Thus, Covaxin induces an enhanced humoral immune response, with persistence till at least 12 months post-vaccination against most SARS-CoV-2 variants.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taac088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T12:09:18Z","timestamp":1659010158000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Inactivated COVID-19 vaccines: durability of Covaxin\/BBV152 induced immunity against variants of concern"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Nathella Pavan","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis , Chennai 600031 , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V V","family":"Banurekha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis , Chennai 600031 , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C P Girish","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Division, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology , Chennai 600077 , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arul","family":"Nancy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Excellence in Research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis , Chennai 600031 , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandrasekaran","family":"Padmapriyadarsini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis , Chennai 600031 , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sakila","family":"Shankar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis , Chennai 600031 , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke Elizabeth","family":"Hanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology and Biotechnology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis , Chennai 600031 , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manoj","family":"Murhekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Biostatistics Division, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology , Chennai 600077 , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K R Uma","family":"Devi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis , Chennai 600031 , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subash","family":"Babu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Excellence in Research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis , Chennai 600031 , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022092009431328900_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30154-9","article-title":"A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster","volume":"395","author":"Chan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022092009431328900_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taaa130","article-title":"Tracking the spread of covid-19 in india via social networks in the early phase of the 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