{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T21:27:14Z","timestamp":1774646834468,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]],"date-time":"2022-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background\/objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The number of backcountry skiers and snowboarder surged in the last years, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, as ski resorts shut down. Inevitably, this led to an increase in avalanche-related injuries and death. As avalanche rescue device, avalanche airbags are increasingly becoming part of the standard winter mountaineering equipment. This study provides a review of the available data and an updated perspective on avalanche airbags, discussing their function and efficacy to reduce mortality and their limitations.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Causes of death in individuals caught by avalanches are multiple. Airbags seem to reduce mortality by decreasing the chances of critical burial, the most determining risk factor. However, there is a scarcity of reliable scientific research on the topic, and the way in which airbags reduce mortality and to what extent is still debated. Several elements seem to influence airbags efficacy, and their use still yields several limitations linked to manufacturing, proper use, users education and risk compensation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Avalanche airbags seem to be an important tool in reducing mortality in the backcountry expeditions. However, more research and standardized data collection are needed to fill the knowledge gap, and mountain communities should promote adequate education of winter-recreationists on how to prevent and react to an avalanche and on the correct use of airbags in combination with already available tools such as transceivers, probes and shovels; and manufacturing companies should ensure higher efficacy of the survival avalanche equipment for better prevention of burial, asphyxia and trauma.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taac133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]],"date-time":"2022-11-07T21:48:12Z","timestamp":1667857692000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Effectiveness and use of avalanche airbags in mortality reduction among winter-recreationists"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6164-879X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia Laura","family":"Di Stefano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine department, Clinica Santa Chiara , via Stefano Franscini 4, 6600 Locarno , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bianca","family":"Della Libera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Universit\u00e0 degli studi di Messina , Piazza Pugliatti 1, 98122 Messina , Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Rodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charit\u00e9 Mitte, Charit\u00e9 - Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin Department of Surgery, , Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin 13353 , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023062318271292900_ref1","first-page":"693","article-title":"Convolutional neural networks for near real-time object detection from UAV imagery in avalanche search and rescue operations","volume":"2016","author":"Bejiga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int Geosci Remote Sens Symp"},{"key":"2023062318271292900_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.639433","article-title":"Effects of climate change on avalanche accidents and survival","volume":"12","author":"Strapazzon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2023062318271292900_ref3","first-page":"507","article-title":"A 21-year review","author":"Mbbs","year":"2009"},{"key":"2023062318271292900_ref4","volume-title":"Coronavirus Pandemic: Germany Seeks EU Deal to Close Ski Resorts","author":"BBC"},{"key":"2023062318271292900_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/01490400.2022.2062075","article-title":"The impact of avalanche education on risk perception, confidence, and decision-making among backcountry skiers","author":"Greene","year":"2022","journal-title":"Leis Sci"},{"key":"2023062318271292900_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9572(01)00383-5","article-title":"Field management of avalanche victims","volume":"51","author":"Brugger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"2023062318271292900_ref7","volume-title":"Fatalities - European Avalanche Warning Services (2017\/2018)","author":"E. 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