{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T07:36:44Z","timestamp":1790753804734,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre"},{"name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Applied Research Collaboration East Midlands"},{"name":"Russian Federation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background\/objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Refugees and migrants to the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region are disproportionately affected by infections, including tuberculosis (TB), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B and C (HBV\/HCV) compared with the host population. There are inequities in the accessibility and quality of health services available to refugees and migrants in the Region. This has consequences for health outcomes and will ultimately impact the ability to meet Regional infection elimination targets.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We reviewed academic and grey literature to identify national policies and guidelines for TB\/HIV\/HBV\/HCV specific to refugees and migrants in the Member States of the WHO European Region and to identify: (i) evidence informing policy and (ii) barriers and facilitators to policy implementation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Relatively few primary national policy\/guideline documents were identified which related to refugees and migrants and TB [14 of 53 Member States (26%), HIV (n\u2009=\u200915, 28%) and HBV\/HCV (n\u2009=\u20093, 6%)], which often did not align with the WHO recommendations, and for some countries, violated refugees' and migrants\u2019 human rights. We found extreme heterogeneity in the implementation of the WHO- and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)-advocated policies and recommendations on the prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care of TB\/HIV\/HBV\/HCV infection among migrants across the Member States of the WHO European Region.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>There is great heterogeneity in implementation of WHO- and ECDC-advocated policies on the prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care of TB\/HIV\/HBV\/HCV infection in refugees and migrants across the Member States in the Region.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>More transparent and accessible reporting of national policies and guidelines are required, together with the evidence base upon which these policy decisions are based. Political engagement is essential to drive the changes in national legislation to ensure equitable and universal access to the diagnosis and care for infectious diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taac136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T17:35:31Z","timestamp":1668447331000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["National policies for delivering tuberculosis, HIV and hepatitis B and C virus infection services for refugees and migrants among Member States of the WHO European Region"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4688-3924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca F","family":"Baggaley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Leicester , Leicester LE1 7RH , UK"},{"name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre , LE1 7RH , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Nazareth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester , Leicester LE1 9HN , UK"},{"name":"University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust , Leicester LE1 5WW , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pip","family":"Divall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust , Leicester LE1 5WW , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre , LE1 7RH , UK"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester , Leicester LE1 9HN , UK"},{"name":"University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust , Leicester LE1 5WW , UK"},{"name":"Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Oxford Big Data Institute, University of Oxford , Oxford OX3 7LF , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher A","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester , Leicester LE1 9HN , UK"},{"name":"University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust , Leicester LE1 5WW , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikhail","family":"Volik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Country Health Programmes, WHO Regional Office for Europe , 2100 Copenhagen \u00d8 , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole S","family":"Seguy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Country Health Programmes, WHO Regional Office for Europe , 2100 Copenhagen \u00d8 , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Askar","family":"Yedilbayev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Country Health Programmes, WHO Regional Office for Europe , 2100 Copenhagen \u00d8 , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marge","family":"Reinap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Country Health Policies and Systems, WHO Regional Office for Europe , 2100 Copenhagen \u00d8 , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Vovc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Country Health Programmes, WHO Regional Office for Europe , 2100 Copenhagen \u00d8 , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antons","family":"Mozalevskis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Country Health Programmes, WHO Regional Office for Europe , 2100 Copenhagen \u00d8 , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrei","family":"Dadu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Country Health Programmes, WHO Regional Office for Europe , 2100 Copenhagen \u00d8 , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Waagensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Country Support, Emergency Preparedness and Response (CSE), WHO Regional Office for Europe , 2100 Copenhagen \u00d8 , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krista","family":"Kruja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Country Health Policies and Systems, WHO Regional Office for Europe , 2100 Copenhagen \u00d8 , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tyrone Reden","family":"Sy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Country Health Policies and Systems, WHO Regional Office for Europe , 2100 Copenhagen \u00d8 , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Nellums","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nottingham Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health, Lifespan and Population Health, University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2UH , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manish","family":"Pareek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre , LE1 7RH , UK"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester , Leicester LE1 9HN , UK"},{"name":"University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust , Leicester LE1 5WW , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023022014391260000_","volume-title":"International Organization for Migration. World Migration Report","author":"IOM","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","volume-title":"International Migrant Stock 2020 [website]","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","volume-title":"Assessing the burden of key infectious diseases affecting migrant populations in the EU\/EEA","year":"2014"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","volume-title":"Poverty and social exclusion in the WHO European Region: Health Systems Respond","year":"2010"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1080\/07370016.2013.778723","article-title":"Barriers to and interventions for improved tuberculosis detection and treatment among homeless and immigrant populations: a literature review","volume":"30","author":"Tankimovich","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Community Health Nurs"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckw023","article-title":"Public health needs of migrants, refugees and asylum seekers in Europe, 2015: infectious disease aspects","volume":"26","author":"Semenza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69423-3","article-title":"Migration and health: a complex relation","volume":"368","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-015-0083-9","article-title":"All-cause and cause-specific mortality of different migrant populations in Europe","volume":"31","author":"Ikram","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","volume-title":"Interventions in Vulnerable Groups Are the Key to Eliminating Tuberculosis in Europe","author":"ECDC","year":"2016"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2014070","DOI":"10.4084\/mjhid.2014.070","article-title":"Tuberculosis: epidemiology and control","volume":"6","author":"Sulis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","article-title":"Roadmap to implement the tuberculosis action plan for the WHO European region 2016\u20132020. Towards ending tuberculosis and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis","author":"WHO","year":"2016"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00214014","article-title":"Towards tuberculosis elimination: an action framework for low-incidence countries","volume-title":"Eur. Respir. J","author":"L\u00f6nnroth","year":"2015"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00053012","article-title":"Minimum package for cross-border TB control and care in the WHO European region: a Wolfheze consensus statement","volume":"40","author":"Dara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","volume-title":"Regional Committee for Europe 65th session","author":"Tuberculosis Action Plan for the WHO European Region 2016\u20132020","year":"2016"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","volume-title":"Systematic Screening for Active Tuberculosis: Principles and Recommendations","author":"WHO","year":"2013"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01245-2015","article-title":"Management of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: WHO guidelines for low tuberculosis burden countries","volume":"46","author":"Getahun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","volume-title":"Roadmap to Implement the Tuberculosis Action Plan for the WHO European Region 2016\u20132020: Towards Ending Tuberculosis and Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis","year":"2016"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","volume-title":"Consolidated Guidelines on the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating and Preventing HIV Infection: Recommendations for a Public Health Approach","year":"2016","edition":"2nd"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","volume-title":"Public Health Guidance on Screening and Vaccination for Infectious Diseases in Newly Arrived Migrants within the EU\/EEA","author":"ECDC","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","article-title":"Evidence brief: HIV and laws and policies in Europe","volume-title":"Monitoring implementation of the Dublin Declaration on partnership to fight HIV\/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control","year":"2017"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","volume-title":"Access to Health Care in EU Countries for Persons Displaced from Ukraine","author":"European Commission","year":"2022"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","volume-title":"Migration, Tuberculosis and the Law: An Urgent Need for a Rights-Based Approach","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","volume-title":"Fast-Track: Ending the AIDS Epidemic by 2030","year":"2015"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","volume-title":"Operational Considerations for the Provision of the HIV Continuum of Care for Refugees from Ukraine in the EU\/EEA","author":"ECDC","year":"2022"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e505","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(16)30173-4","article-title":"PrEP for African migrants in Europe? A research agenda","volume":"3","author":"Loos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-2652-13-2","article-title":"HIV-related restrictions on entry, residence and stay in the WHO European region: a survey","volume":"13","author":"Lazarus","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","volume-title":"Tuberculosis surveillance and monitoring in Europe 2022\u20132020 data","author":"ECDC","year":"2022"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdt110","article-title":"The outcome of a cohort of tuberculin-positive predominantly South Asian new entrants aged 16\u201334 to the UK: Blackburn 1989\u20132001","volume":"36","author":"Choudhury","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Public Health (Oxf)"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","volume-title":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Surveillance Report","author":"ECDC","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e44611","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044611","article-title":"Seroprevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection and prior immunity in immigrants and refugees: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Rossi","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","volume-title":"Hepatitis B and C Epidemiology in Selected Population Groups in the EU\/EEA","author":"ECDC","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","volume-title":"Epidemiological Assessment of Hepatitis B and C among Migrants in the EU\/EEA","author":"ECDC","year":"2016"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","article-title":"Health and illness in migrants and refugees arriving in Europe: analysis of the electronic personal health record system","volume":"29","author":"Zenner","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","volume-title":"Action Plan for the Health Sector Response to Viral Hepatitis in the WHO European Region","year":"2017"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","volume-title":"Action Plan for the Health Sector Response to Viral Hepatitis in the WHO European Region","year":"2017"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","volume-title":"Alternative: Promoting the Health of Refugees and Migrants: Framework of Priorities and Guiding Principles to Promote the Health of Refugees and Migrants","year":"2016"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","volume-title":"Essential HIV Care Package for Migrants: Central Asia [Presentation]","author":"Vovc","year":"2019"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","volume-title":"United Nations Common Position on Ending HIV, TB and Viral Hepatitis Through Intersectoral Collaboration","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00038009","article-title":"Migrant tuberculosis screening in the EU\/EEA: yield, coverage and limitations","volume":"34","author":"Klinkenberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e259","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30117-8","article-title":"How effective are approaches to migrant screening for infectious diseases in Europe? A systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Seedat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15550","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph121215002","article-title":"Screening for infectious diseases among newly arrived migrants: experiences and practices in non-EU countries of the Mediterranean Basin and Black Sea","volume":"12","author":"Napoli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101715","article-title":"Strengthening screening for infectious diseases and vaccination among migrants in Europe: What is needed to close the implementation gaps?","volume":"39","author":"Noori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","volume-title":"What is the evidence on existing national policies and guidelines for delivering effective tuberculosis, HIV and viral hepatitis services for refugees and migrants among Member States of the WHO European Region?","author":"Nazareth","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taz005","article-title":"Definitions matter: migrants, immigrants, asylum seekers and refugees","volume":"26","author":"Douglas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","volume-title":"World Migration Report","author":"International Organization for Migration","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","volume-title":"Key migration terms [website]","author":"IOM"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","volume-title":"Hepatitis B: Migrant Health Guide [Website]","author":"PHE","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","volume-title":"Hepatitis C: Migrant Health Guide [Website]","author":"PHE","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.12.004","article-title":"Recommendations for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic hepatitis B and C in special population groups (migrants, intravenous drug users and prison inmates)","volume":"43","author":"Almasio","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","volume-title":"Health Matters: Increasing the Uptake of HIV Testing [Website]","author":"PHE","year":"2016"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","volume-title":"HIV: Migrant Health Guide [Website]","author":"PHE","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","volume-title":"Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Migrant Health Guide [Website]","author":"PHE","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","volume-title":"Tuberculosis (TB): Migrant Health Guide [Website]","author":"PHE","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","year":"2015"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","volume-title":"Tuberculosis: Information for Prison and Immigration Removal Centre Staff [Website]","author":"PHE","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1007\/s00112-015-0007-5","article-title":"Tuberculosis screening for children and adolescents &lt;15 years seeking asylum in Germany: statement of the working group for AWMF guideline on tuberculosis in childhood and adolescence: diagnostics, prevention, and treatment, under the leadership of the German Society for Paediatric Infectiology","volume":"163","author":"Ritz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Monatsschr Kinderheilkd"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jctube.2017.02.002","article-title":"Policy and practice of programmatic management of latent tuberculosis infection in the Netherlands","volume":"7","author":"Vries","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","article-title":"New guidelines for screening for tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis infection preimmunosuppressive therapy in the Netherlands: a targeted and stratified approach","volume":"54","author":"Van Der Valk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1080\/17843286.2018.1494669","article-title":"2018 Belgian guidelines for the screening for latent tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients","volume":"74","author":"Wyndham-Thomas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Clin Belg"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2020.12.010","article-title":"Health assessment for migrants and asylum seekers upon arrival and while hosted in reception centres: Italian guidelines","volume":"125","author":"Tosti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","volume-title":"Immunisation Information for Migrants","author":"PHE","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801449","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01449-2018","article-title":"Tuberculosis in the European Union and European economic area: a survey of national tuberculosis programmes","volume":"52","author":"Collin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taab054","article-title":"Integrative transnational analysis to dissect tuberculosis transmission events along the migratory route from Africa to Europe","volume":"28","author":"Martinez-Lirola","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","volume-title":"Public health guidance on screening and vaccination for infectious diseases in newly arrived migrants within the EU\/EEA","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","article-title":"From policy to practice in Europe: a TBNET survey on the delivery of LTBI screening and treatment amongst migrants","volume":"52","author":"Burman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2010.152280","article-title":"UK immigrant screening is inversely related to regional tuberculosis burden","volume":"66","author":"Pareek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","article-title":"Are TB services in England adhering to new NICE guidelines on screening for latent TB?","volume":"50","author":"Craig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1179\/204777312X13305103762501","article-title":"Immigrant screening for TB: a missed opportunity to improve TB control in the United Kingdom","volume":"106","author":"Lalvani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.12.30491","article-title":"Yield of active screening for tuberculosis among asylum seekers in Germany: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Bozorgmehr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","volume-title":"HIV Testing: Monitoring Implementation of the Dublin Declaration on partnership to fight HIV\/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia: 2018 Progress Report","author":"ECDC","year":"2019"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","volume-title":"Still Not Welcome. HIV-Related Travel Restrictions","author":"UNDP Ua","year":"2019"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1057\/s41271-020-00242-1","article-title":"The Russian HIV residence ban and state control of migration","volume":"41","author":"Kashnitsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Public Health Policy"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/imig.12247","article-title":"Contextualizing migrants\u2019 strategies of seeking medical care in Russia","volume":"55","author":"Demintseva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int Migr"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","volume-title":"UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic 2010","author":"Assembly UNG, Committee T, Committee I-AS","year":"2010"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","volume-title":"Scaling up HIV testing and counselling in the WHO European Region","author":"WHO","year":"2010"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S399","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(13)60972-1","article-title":"Awareness of hepatitis B and C screening and patient management guidelines among health professionals in six European countries","volume":"58","author":"Levi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-017-0585-5","article-title":"Medical care, screening and regularization of sub-Saharan irregular migrants affected by hepatitis B in France and Italy","volume":"20","author":"Santilli","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Immigr Minor Health"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30014-7","article-title":"Mass migration to Europe: an opportunity for elimination of hepatitis B virus?","volume":"4","author":"Thijssen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.09.042","article-title":"Hepatitis B: Are at-risk individuals vaccinated if screened and found negative for HBV? Results of an online survey conducted in six EU countries","volume":"32","author":"Levi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S400","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(13)60973-3","article-title":"Chronic hepatitis B and C patient management and treatment restrictions - current practice in six European countries","volume":"58","author":"Falla","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","volume-title":"Making Human Beings Human: Bioecological Perspectives on Human Development","author":"Bronfenbrenner","year":"2005"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","first-page":"E240","article-title":"The use of digital health to control the communicable diseases risk in migrant populations in Europe: a systematic review of current literature","volume":"60","author":"Vaccaro","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Prev Med Hyg"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.06.068","article-title":"Immunisation of migrants in EU\/EEA countries: policies and practices","volume":"37","author":"Giambi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","volume-title":"Collection and Intergration of Data on Refugee and Migrant Health in the WHO European Region","author":"WHO","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00477-9","article-title":"Meeting the health challenges of displaced populations from Ukraine","volume":"399","author":"Ioffe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","volume-title":"Ukraine Refugee Situation: Operational Data Portal","author":"UNHCR","year":"2022"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","article-title":"What constitutes an effective and efficient package of services for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care of tuberculosis among refugees and migrants in the WHO European Region?","volume-title":"Themed Issues on Migration and Health, VIII, Health Evidence Network Synthesis Report, No. 56","author":"Hargreaves","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-016-0595-5","article-title":"The impact of migration on tuberculosis epidemiology and control in high-income countries: a review","volume":"14","author":"Pareek","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"2023022014391260000_","volume-title":"General Assembly Adopts Declaration for Refugees and Migrants, as United Nations, International Organization for Migration sign key agreement","year":"2016"}],"container-title":["Journal of Travel Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jtm\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jtm\/taac136\/48417309\/taac136.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jtm\/article-pdf\/30\/1\/taac136\/49254219\/taac136.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jtm\/article-pdf\/30\/1\/taac136\/49254219\/taac136.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,11]],"date-time":"2023-03-11T21:04:58Z","timestamp":1678568698000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jtm\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jtm\/taac136\/6847056"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jtm\/taac136","relation":{},"ISSN":["1195-1982","1708-8305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1195-1982","type":"print"},{"value":"1708-8305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]]},"article-number":"taac136"}}