{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:16:27Z","timestamp":1788221787598,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]],"date-time":"2023-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Faecal-oral transmission refers to the process whereby disease is transmitted via the faeces of an infected individual to the mouth of a susceptible individual. This transmission can occur through failures in sanitation systems leading to exposure via various routes in particular contaminated water, food, and hands. Travellers\u2019 diarrhoea is the most common travel-related illness. A score could enhance risk assessment and pre-travel advice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A simple score was developed based on the frequency of defecating in the open (country prevalence &amp;gt; 1%), occurrence of cholera in the period between 2021 and 2017 (one or more case in a country) and reported typhoid fever cases between 2015 and 2019.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were available for 199 out of 214 countries for the score to be applied. 19% of the 199 countries scored as high risk countries for faecal-oral transmission (score 3), 47% as medium risk (score 2), and 34% as minimal risk (score 0). The percentage of countries scoring 3 was highest in Africa (63%) and lowest in Europe and Oceania (score 0).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A global risk map was developed based on a simple score that could aid travel medicine providers in providing pre-travel risk assessment. For travellers to high and medium risk countries, pre-travel consultation must include detailed advice on food and water hygiene.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taad069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]],"date-time":"2023-05-10T19:57:11Z","timestamp":1683748631000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Infections transmitted via the faecal\u2013oral route: a simple score for a global risk map"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Dieter","family":"St\u00fcrchler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, Basel University , Schanzenstrasse 55, 4031 Basel , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023110710120533200_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taac132","article-title":"Burden of Shigella in South Asia: a systematic 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