{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:27:58Z","timestamp":1792794478905,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,19]],"date-time":"2023-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687132800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/038fxc267","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007155","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MRC\/N013638\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MRC\/N013638\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR300072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR300072"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR134801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR134801"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000691","name":"Academy of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SBF005\\1111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SBF005\\1111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"La Caixa Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background\/objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Some refugee and migrant populations globally showed lower uptake of COVID-19 vaccines and are also considered to be an under-immunized group for routine vaccinations. These communities may experience a range of barriers to vaccination systems, yet there is a need to better explore drivers of under-immunization and vaccine hesitancy in these mobile groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We did a global rapid review to explore drivers of under-immunization and vaccine hesitancy to define strategies to strengthen both COVID-19 and routine vaccination uptake, searching MEDLINE, Embase, Global Health PsycINFO and grey literature. Qualitative data were analysed thematically to identify drivers of under-immunization and vaccine hesitancy, and then categorized using the \u2018Increasing Vaccination Model\u2019.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sixty-three papers were included, reporting data on diverse population groups, including refugees, asylum seekers, labour migrants and undocumented migrants in 22 countries. Drivers of under-immunization and vaccine hesitancy pertaining to a wide range of vaccines were covered, including COVID-19 (n\u2009=\u200927), human papillomavirus (13), measles or Measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) (3), influenza (3), tetanus (1) and vaccination in general. We found a range of factors driving under-immunization and hesitancy in refugee and migrant groups, including unique awareness and access factors that need to be better considered in policy and service delivery. Acceptability of vaccination was often deeply rooted in social and historical context and influenced by personal risk perception.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings hold direct relevance to current efforts to ensure high levels of global coverage for a range of vaccines and to ensure that marginalized refugee and migrant populations are included in the national vaccination plans of low-, middle- and high-income countries. We found a stark lack of research from low- and middle-income and humanitarian contexts on vaccination in mobile groups. This needs to be urgently rectified if we are to design and deliver effective programmes that ensure high coverage for COVID-19 and routine vaccinations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taad084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]],"date-time":"2023-06-14T22:42:03Z","timestamp":1686782523000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Defining drivers of under-immunization and vaccine hesitancy in refugee and migrant populations"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Deal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Migrant Health Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George\u2019s, University of London , London , UK"},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0450-7258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alison F","family":"Crawshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Migrant Health Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George\u2019s, University of London , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Migrant Health Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George\u2019s, University of London , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felicity","family":"Knights","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Migrant Health Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George\u2019s, University of London , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michiyo","family":"Iwami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Migrant Health Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George\u2019s, University of London , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Darwish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Health and Migration Programme, World Health Organization , Geneva , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rifat","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Health and Migration Programme, World Health Organization , Geneva , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Palmira","family":"Immordino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Health and Migration Programme, World Health Organization , Geneva , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanokporn","family":"Kaojaroen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Health and Migration Programme, World Health Organization , Geneva , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santino","family":"Severoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Health and Migration Programme, World Health Organization , Geneva , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally","family":"Hargreaves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Migrant Health Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George\u2019s, University of London , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023090611094728600_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2021.100041","article-title":"Clinical outcomes and risk factors for COVID-19 among migrant populations in high-income countries: a systematic review","volume":"3","author":"Hayward","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Migration and Health"},{"key":"2023090611094728600_ref2","article-title":"Locked down and left out? 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