{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T09:46:55Z","timestamp":1785577615853,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":211,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]],"date-time":"2023-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687305600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Infectious disease epidemiology is continuously shifting. While travel has been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic and travel-related epidemiological research experienced a pause, further shifts in vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) relevant for travellers have occurred.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We conducted a literature search on the epidemiology of travel-related VPD and synthesized data for each disease with a focus on symptomatic cases and on the impact of the respective infection among travellers, considering the hospitalization rate, disease sequela and case fatality rate. We present new data and revised best estimates on the burden of VPD relevant for decisions on priorities in travel vaccines.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>COVID-19 has emerged to be a top travel-related risk and influenza remains high in the ranking with an estimated incidence at 1% per month of travel. Dengue is another commonly encountered infection among international travellers with estimated monthly incidence of 0.5\u20130.8% among non-immune exposed travellers; the hospitalized proportion was 10 and 22%, respectively, according to two recent publications. With recent yellow fever outbreaks particularly in Brazil, its estimated monthly incidence has risen to &amp;gt;0.1%. Meanwhile, improvements in hygiene and sanitation have led to some decrease in foodborne illnesses; however, hepatitis A monthly incidence remains substantial in most developing regions (0.001\u20130.01%) and typhoid remains particularly high in South Asia (&amp;gt;0.01%). Mpox, a newly emerged disease that demonstrated worldwide spread through mass gathering and travel, cannot be quantified regarding its travel-related risk.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The data summarized may provide a tool for travel health professionals to prioritize preventive strategies for their clients against VPD. Updated assessments on incidence and impact are ever more important since new vaccines with travel indications (e.g. dengue) have been licensed or are undergoing regulatory review.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taad085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,19]],"date-time":"2023-06-19T18:46:11Z","timestamp":1687200371000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Travel vaccines\u2014priorities determined by incidence and impact"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Robert","family":"Steffen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology , Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Public and Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Travelers\u2019 Health, , Zurich 8001 , Switzerland"},{"name":"University of Zurich , Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Public and Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Travelers\u2019 Health, , Zurich 8001 , Switzerland"},{"name":"Division of Epidemiology , Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, , Houston, TX 77030 , USA"},{"name":"University of Texas School of Public Health , Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, , Houston, TX 77030 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin H","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Travel Medicine, Mount Auburn Hospital , Cambridge, MA 02138 , USA"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA 02115 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter A","family":"Leggat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health , Medical and Veterinary Sciences, , Townsville, Queensland 4810 , Australia"},{"name":"James Cook University , Medical and Veterinary Sciences, , Townsville, Queensland 4810 , Australia"},{"name":"School of Public Health , Faculty of Health Sciences, , Johannesburg 2193 , South Africa"},{"name":"University of the Witwatersrand , Faculty of Health Sciences, , Johannesburg 2193 , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023112012042032600_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"tay046","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/tay046","article-title":"Travel vaccine preventable diseases \u2014 updated logarithmic scale with monthly incidence rates","volume":"25","author":"Steffen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"2023112012042032600_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/jtm.12171","article-title":"Vaccine-preventable travel health risks: what is the evidence \u2014 what are the gaps","volume":"22","author":"Steffen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Travel 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