{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T23:29:59Z","timestamp":1783466999548,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]],"date-time":"2024-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Most paediatric tuberculosis (TB) cases in low-TB-incidence countries involve children born to migrant families. This may be partially explained by trips to their countries of origin for visiting friends and relatives (VFR). We aimed to estimate the risk of latent TB infection (LTBI) and TB in children VFR.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We conducted a prospective multicentric observational study in Catalonia (Spain) from June 2017 to December 2019. We enrolled children aged &amp;lt;\u200915\u00a0years with a negative tuberculin skin test (TST) at baseline and at least one parent from a high-TB-incidence country, and who had travelled to their parent\u2019s birth country for \u226521\u00a0days. TST and QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus (QFT-Plus) were performed within 8\u201312\u00a0weeks post-return. LTBI was defined as a TST \u22655\u00a0mm and\/or a positive QFT-Plus.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Five hundred children completed the study, equivalent to 78.2 person-years of follow-up (PYFU). Thirteen children (2.6%) were diagnosed with LTBI (16.6\/per100 PYFU, 95%CI\u2009=\u20098.8\u201328.5), including two cases (0.4%) of TB (2.5\/per100 PYFU, 95%CI\u2009=\u20090.3\u20139.3). LTBI incidence rates remained high after excluding BCG-vaccinated children (9.7\/per100 PYFU, 95%CI\u2009=\u20093.9\u201320.0). Household tobacco smoke exposure was associated with LTBI (aOR\u2009=\u20093.9, 95%CI\u2009=\u20091.1\u201313.3).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The risk of LTBI in children VFR in high-TB-incidence countries may equal, or perhaps even exceed, the infection risk of the native population. The primary associated risk factor was the presence of smokers in the household. Furthermore, the incidence rate of active TB largely surpassed that of the countries visited. Children VFR in high-TB-incidence countries should be targeted for diagnostic and preventive interventions.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taae037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T01:24:30Z","timestamp":1709601870000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Tuberculosis among children visiting friends &amp; relatives"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9951-7768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomas M","family":"Perez-Porcuna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"TB Pediatric Unit, Research Foundation of Primary Health and M\u00fatua Terassa University Hospital, M\u00fatua Terrassa , Terrassa, Catalunya 08221 , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoni","family":"Noguera-Julian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malalties Infeccioses i Resposta Inflamat\u00f2ria Sist\u00e8mica en Pediatria, Servei de Malalties Infeccioses, Institut de Recerca Pedi\u00e0trica Sant Joan de D\u00e9u , Barcelona 08950 , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Teresa","family":"Riera-Bosch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EAP Vic Nord (SAP Osona), Institut Catal\u00e0 de la Salut , Barcelona 08007 , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esperan\u00e7a","family":"Maci\u00e0-Rieradevall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"dEAP Manlleu, Institut Catal\u00e0 de la Salut Catalunya Central, EAP Manlleu , Barcelona 08007 , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Santos-Santiago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Salut International i Malalties Transmisibles Drassanes, Institut Catal\u00e0 de la Salut , Barcelona 08001 , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria \u00c0ngels","family":"Rif\u00e0 Pujol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EAP Tona, Institut Catal\u00e0 de la Salut , Barcelona 08007 , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Eril","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EAP La Vall del Ges, Institut Catal\u00e0 de la Salut , Barcelona 08007 , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00eddia","family":"Aulet-Molist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EAP Vic Sud, CAP el Remei Vic , Barcelona 08500 , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Padilla-Esteba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Department, CATLAB , Viladecavalls, Catalunya 08232 , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Teresa","family":"T\u00f3rtola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron , Barcelona 08035, Barcelona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"G\u00f3mez i Prat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health and Community Team (eSPiC), Unit of Tropical Medicine and International Health Drassanes-Vall d'Hebron (UTMIHD-VH), PROSICS , Barcelona 08028 , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Vilamala Bastarras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Universitari de Vic, Multidisciplinary Inflammation Research group (MIRG) , Barcelona 08500 , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josep Sebasti\u00e0","family":"Rebull-Fatsini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Medicina Preventiva, Hospital de Tortosa Verge de la Cinta , Tortosa 43500 , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Papaleo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAP Magoria, Institut Catal\u00e0 de la Salut , Barcelona 08014 , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neus","family":"Rius-Gordillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servei de Pediatria, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus , Reus 43204 , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra Q","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Terres de l'Ebre, Fundaci\u00f3 Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l'Atenci\u00f3 Prim\u00e0ria de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol) , Tortosa 08007 , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c0ngels","family":"Naranjo-Orihuela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ABS Montblanc, Institut Catal\u00e0 de la Salut , Barcelona 08007 , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Urgelles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAP Terrassa Sud, Fundaci\u00f3 Assistencial M\u00fatua Terrassa , Terrassa 08221 , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00f3nica G","family":"Garc\u00eda-Ler\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAP Rambla Terrassa, Fundaci\u00f3 Assistencial M\u00fatua Terrassa , Terrassa 08221 , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gemma","family":"Jimenez-Lladser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAP Valldoreix, Fundaci\u00f3 Assistencial M\u00fatua Terrassa , Terrassa 08221 , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Lorenzo-Pino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAP Rub\u00ed M\u00fatua Terrassa, Fundaci\u00f3 Assistencial M\u00fatua Terrassa , Terrassa 08221 , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00f3nica Adriana","family":"Giuliano-Cuello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAP Oest, Fundaci\u00f3n Asistencial M\u00fatua Terrassa , Terrassa 08221 , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Teresa","family":"Pascual-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servei de Pediatria, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus , Reus 43204 , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Marco-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EAP Maragall, Institut Catal\u00e0 de la Salut , Barcelona 08007 , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Abellana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unitat de Bioestad\u00edstica. Universitat de Barcelona Departament de Fonaments Cl\u00ednics. , Barcelona 08007 , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Espiau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Children's Hospital Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus , Barcelona, Catalonia 08035 , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Nieves","family":"Altet-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicios Cl\u00ednicos , Barcelona, Catalonia 08036 , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angels","family":"Orcau-Palau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ag\u00e8ncia Salut P\u00fablica Barcelona , Barcelona 08023 , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan A","family":"Cayl\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barcelona Tuberculosis Research Unit Foundation , Barcelona 08036 , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoni","family":"Soriano-Arandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Children's Hospital Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus , Barcelona, Catalonia 08035 , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024080411365073600_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002152","article-title":"The global burden of latent tuberculosis infection: a re-estimation using mathematical modelling","volume":"13","author":"Houben","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2024080411365073600_ref2","first-page":"170","article-title":"The diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI): currently available tests, future developments, and perspectives to eliminate tuberculosis (TB)","volume":"111","author":"Zellweger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Lav"},{"key":"2024080411365073600_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.17.199414","article-title":"National policies on the management of latent tuberculosis infection: review of 98 countries","volume":"96","author":"Jagger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"2024080411365073600_ref4","article-title":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, WHO Regional Office for Europe. Tuberculosis surveillance and monitoring in Europe 2021\u20132019 data","year":"2021"},{"key":"2024080411365073600_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1004.030530","article-title":"High incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis a decade after immigration, Netherlands","volume":"10","author":"Vos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int Conf Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024080411365073600_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eimc.2017.10.006","article-title":"Tuberculosis and immigration","volume":"36","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Montalv\u00e1","year":"2018","journal-title":"Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin (Engl Ed)"},{"key":"2024080411365073600_ref7"},{"key":"2024080411365073600_ref8","article-title":"The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of screening for latent tuberculosis among migrants in the EU\/EEA: a systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Greenaway","year":"2018","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"2024080411365073600_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"00131","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00131-2017","article-title":"Towards the elimination of paediatric tuberculosis in high-income, immigrant-receiving countries: a 25-year conventional and molecular epidemiological case study","volume":"4","author":"Dhawan","year":"2018","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"key":"2024080411365073600_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-010-0353-1","article-title":"Childhood tuberculosis: epidemiology and natural history of disease","volume":"78","author":"Marais","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"key":"2024080411365073600_ref11","article-title":"World Tourists Organization. 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