{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T11:14:12Z","timestamp":1788520452249,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]],"date-time":"2024-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pilgrimages and travel to religious mass gatherings (MGs) are part of all major religions. This narrative review aims to describe some characteristics, including health risks, of the more well-known and frequently undertaken ones.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A literature search was conducted using keywords related to the characteristics (frequency of occurrence, duration, calendar period, reasons behind their undertaking and the common health risks) of Christian, Muslim, Hindu, Buddhist and Jewish religious MGs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>About 600 million trips are undertaken to religious sites annually. The characteristics vary between religions and between pilgrimages. However, religious MGs share common health risks, but these are reported in a heterogenous manner. European Christian pilgrimages reported both communicable diseases, such as norovirus outbreaks linked to the Marian Shrine of Lourdes in France, and non-communicable diseases (NCDs). NCDs predominated at the Catholic pilgrimage to the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe in Mexico, which documented 11 million attendees in 1 week. The Zion Christian Church Easter gathering in South Africa, attended by ~10 million pilgrims, reported mostly motor vehicle accidents. Muslim pilgrimages such as the Arbaeen (20 million pilgrims) and Hajj documented a high incidence of respiratory tract infections, up to 80% during Hajj. Heat injuries and stampedes have been associated with Hajj. The Hindu Kumbh Mela pilgrimage, which attracted 100 million pilgrims in 2013, documented respiratory conditions in 70% of consultations. A deadly stampede occurred at the 2021 Jewish Lag BaOmer MG.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Communicable and NCD differ among the different religious MGs. Gaps exists in the surveillance, reporting and data accessibility of health risks associated with religious MGs. A need exists for the uniform implementation of a system of real-time monitoring of diseases and morbidity patterns, utilizing standardized modern information-sharing platforms. The health needs of pilgrims can then be prioritized by developing specific and appropriate guidelines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taae122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T20:24:34Z","timestamp":1724963074000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Sacred journeys and pilgrimages: health risks associated with travels for religious purposes"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3386-0974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salim","family":"Parker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine , Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, , Main Road, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town,","place":["South Africa"]},{"name":"University of Cape Town , Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, , Main Road, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Steffen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology , Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Public and Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Travelers\u2019 Health, , Zurich,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"University of Zurich , Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Public and Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Travelers\u2019 Health, , Zurich,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Division of Epidemiology , Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, , Houston, TX,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"University of Texas School of Public Health , Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, , Houston, TX,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harunor","family":"Rashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Children\u2019s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School , Faculty of Medicine and Health, and Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, , Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"The University of Sydney , Faculty of Medicine and Health, and Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, , Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel M","family":"Cabada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine , Division of Infectious Diseases, , 301 University Boulevard, RT0435, Galveston, TX,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"University of Texas Medical Branch , Division of Infectious Diseases, , 301 University Boulevard, RT0435, Galveston, TX,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Cusco Branch\u2014Alexander von Humboldt Tropical Medicine Institute, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Lima,","place":["Peru"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5099-0714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziad A","family":"Memish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Salman Humanitarian Aid & Relief Center , P.O. Box 54146, Riyadh, 11672,","place":["Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"]},{"name":"Hubert Department of Global Health , Rollins School of Public Health, , Atlanta, GA,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Emory University , Rollins School of Public Health, , Atlanta, GA,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Gautret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IHU-M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection , 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille,","place":["France"]},{"name":"Aix Marseille Univ, AP-HM, SSA, RITMES , Marseille,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4810-8232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheikh","family":"Sokhna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IHU-M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection , 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille,","place":["France"]},{"name":"Aix Marseille Univ, AP-HM, SSA, RITMES , Marseille,","place":["France"]},{"name":"Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, MINES , Marseille,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9372-0178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Avinash","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BRIC-National Centre for Cell Science , Pune University Road, Pune 411007,","place":["India"]},{"name":"School of Agriculture, Graphic Era Hill University , Bell Road, Clement Town, Dehradun 248002,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R","family":"Shlim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jackson Hole Travel and Tropical Medicine , 9735 North Mill Street, Kelly, Jackson Hole, WY, 83011,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eyal","family":"Leshem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sheba Medical Center , Ramat Gan and School of Medicine, , Tel Hashomer, Tel Aviv, 52621,","place":["Israel"]},{"name":"Tel Aviv University , Ramat Gan and School of Medicine, , Tel Hashomer, Tel Aviv, 52621,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominic E","family":"Dwyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New South Wales Health Pathology-ICPMR, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney , Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faris","family":"Lami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, University of Baghdad , Al Subtain University, Karbala,","place":["Iraq"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santanu","family":"Chatterjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KPC Medical College and Hospitals , Raja Subodh Chandra Mallick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 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2PG,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ozayr","family":"Mahomed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu Natal , Rick Turner Road, Durban, 4001,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024121419501182100_ref1","first-page":"6","article-title":"Strategic role of religious tourism in recuperating the Indian tourism sector post-COVID-19","volume":"8","author":"Balakrishnan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Relig Tour Pilgr"},{"key":"2024121419501182100_ref2","article-title":"Share of global population by religion 2022 [internet]","year":"2022"},{"key":"2024121419501182100_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhtm.2020.07.012","article-title":"The evolution of religious tourism: concept, segmentation and development 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