{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T01:39:48Z","timestamp":1794015588145,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Congenital malaria (CM) is increasingly recognized as a potentially serious, though usually delayed complication of maternal malaria. Typically, neonates are asymptomatic at birth, and if symptoms appear, they are in the first few weeks after birth. Diagnosis in both endemic and non-endemic settings remains challenging, as in non-endemic settings it is rare and therefore often a missed diagnosis initially, and in endemic settings it is often mild and clears spontaneously, so is not diagnosed. A clinical case of CM in the UK with delayed diagnosis in 2023 highlighted the importance of and lack of clear guidance for this under-recognized but significant disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed a scoping literature review via PubMed and Embase of all English language articles published between June 2013 and June 2023 containing the MESH terms \u2018Congenital\u2019 AND \u2018malaria\u2019 and \u2018neonatal\u2019 AND \u2018malaria\u2019. We consulted the international tropical community managing malaria in the non-endemic setting to share any guidance. The patient\u2019s mother and hospital clinicians consented and shared details of the UK case from 2023.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Literature review revealed 26 papers published on CM between 2013 and 2023. Key themes were extracted to inform conclusions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We propose the definition of CM as \u2018A peripheral blood smear of neonatal blood with asexual forms of Plasmodium spp. OR DNA of Plasmodium spp. detected; presenting in an infant &amp;lt;28 days old, irrespective of clinical symptoms\/travel history OR an infant &amp;lt;1 year old with no history of travel to a malaria endemic area\u2019 and outline a novel algorithm for follow-up of pregnant women with malaria and investigation of neonates for CM. This algorithm highlights the importance of using polymerase chain reaction to investigate neonates, who may have very low parasitaemia, below the limit of detection of light microscopy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taaf099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T12:32:09Z","timestamp":1765197129000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Congenital Malaria in Non-Endemic Settings: A Literature Review and Update on Diagnosis and Management"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1582-2560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte A","family":"Patterson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust , 235 Euston Road , London NW12BU ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura E","family":"Nabarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust , 235 Euston Road , London NW12BU ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suresh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Darent Valley Hospital , Darenth Wood Road, Dartford, Kent DA2 8DA,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debbie","family":"Nolder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Health Security Agency Malaria Reference Laboratory, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter L","family":"Chiodini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust , 235 Euston Road , London NW12BU ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"UK Health Security Agency Malaria Reference Laboratory, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010823215783600_ref1","volume-title":"Nearly Every Minute, a Child Under 5 Dies of Malaria","author":"UNICEF","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026010823215783600_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0744","article-title":"Severe congenital malaria acquired in utero","volume":"82","author":"Poespoprodjo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2026010823215783600_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.018","article-title":"Congenital malaria: the least known consequence of malaria in pregnancy","volume":"12","author":"Menendez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"2026010823215783600_ref4","volume-title":"Management of Severe Malaria","author":"Organisation WH","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026010823215783600_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2007.01931.x","article-title":"Epidemiology of congenital malaria in Nigeria: a multi-centre study","volume":"12","author":"Falade","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"2026010823215783600_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.02.005","article-title":"Can malaria parasites be spontaneously cleared?","volume":"38","author":"Roe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"2026010823215783600_ref7","article-title":"Congenital malaria in the non-endemic setting: a literature review and update on diagnosis and management","volume":"Barcelona","author":"Charlotte","year":"2024","journal-title":"ESCMID Global 2024"},{"key":"2026010823215783600_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2622","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002622","article-title":"Congenital malaria in China","volume":"8","author":"Tao","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2026010823215783600_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2080","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02173-6","article-title":"Diagnosing congenital malaria in a high-transmission setting: clinical relevance and usefulness of P. 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