{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T21:05:28Z","timestamp":1790975128745,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008723","name":"Finnish Medical Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["9387"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9387"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008723","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Inflammation Center of HUS, Helsinki University Hospital"},{"name":"University of Helsinki Doctoral School"},{"name":"Finnish Governmental Subsidy for Health Science Research"},{"name":"Valneva","award":["20268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20268"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cholera and typhoid fever are often co-endemic, making vaccine co-administration practical. However, due to lack of immunogenicity data, current guidelines advise against co-administration of the oral inactivated whole-cell recombinant cholera toxin B-subunit vaccine (WC-rCTB) and the oral live Salmonella Typhi Ty21a vaccine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Healthy adults (18\u201365\u00a0years) were randomized 1:1:1 to receive WC-rCTB with Ty21a (group Ch\u2009+\u2009Ty), WC-rCTB alone (group Ch) or Ty21a alone (group Ty). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated on Days 0, 5 and 7 from all, plus on Days 12 and 14 from WC-rCTB recipients, to assess antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) specific to rCTB and to typhoidal O9,12-structures by enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assay. Vibriocidal antibodies were assessed, and anti-rCTB IgA\/IgG and anti-S. Typhi lipopolysaccharide (LPS) IgA\/IgG\/IgM were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in Day 0 and 28\u2009\u00b1\u20093 serum samples. Adverse events (AEs) were recorded during one month.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The final study population included 63 volunteers, 21 per group. A non-significant trend towards stronger rCTB-specific ASC (IgA\u2009+\u2009IgG\u2009+\u2009IgM) peak responses was observed in group Ch\u2009+\u2009Ty compared to group Ch (geometric mean, GM 94 vs 32 ASC\/106 PBMC, P =\u00a00.096). Serum anti-rCTB IgA and IgG fold rises (post-vaccination vs pre-vaccination) were higher in group Ch\u2009+\u2009Ty than in group Ch (IgA P =\u00a00.039, IgG P =\u00a00.028), whereas vibriocidal fold rises were comparable between the two groups (P =\u00a00.847). ASC (IgA\u2009+\u2009IgG\u2009+\u2009IgM) peak responses to typhoidal O9,12-structures were comparable between groups Ch\u2009+\u2009Ty and Ty (GM 183 vs. 210 ASC\/106 PBMC, P =\u00a00.684). Serum anti-S. Typhi LPS IgA, IgG and IgM fold rises were also similar across Ch\u2009+\u2009Ty and Ty groups (all P-values \u22650.145). AEs were comparable in single and co-administration groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Co-administration of the oral cholera and typhoid vaccines demonstrated favourable safety and robust immunogenicity for both vaccines, supporting their simultaneous use without spacing precautions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taag008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T12:42:03Z","timestamp":1770295323000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Co-administration of oral killed whole-cell recombinant cholera toxin B-subunit vaccine (WC-rCTB) and live\n                    <i>Salmonella<\/i>\n                    Typhi Ty21a vaccine: a prospective randomized open-label trial"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Marianna","family":"Riekkinen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Meilahti Vaccine Research Center MeVac, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki ,","place":["Finland"]},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Inflammation Center, Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki ,","place":["Finland"]},{"name":"Human Microbiome Research Unit, University of Helsinki , Helsinki ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Terrinoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sari H","family":"Pakkanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meilahti Vaccine Research Center MeVac, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki ,","place":["Finland"]},{"name":"Human Microbiome Research Unit, University of Helsinki , Helsinki ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Kaim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tero","family":"Vahlberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital , Turku ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Lundgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0004-1000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anu","family":"Kantele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meilahti Vaccine Research Center MeVac, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki ,","place":["Finland"]},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Inflammation Center, Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki ,","place":["Finland"]},{"name":"Human Microbiome Research Unit, University of Helsinki , Helsinki ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref1","article-title":"Ending Cholera: A Global Roadmap to 2030","volume-title":"GTFCC Secretariat, hosted by World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland","author":"Global Task Force on Cholera Control"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30685-6","article-title":"The global burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"19","author":"GBD 2017 Typhoid and Paratyphoid Collaborators","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00084","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00084-18","article-title":"Factors that influence the immune response to vaccination","volume":"32","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2020-320091","article-title":"What time interval is needed between the administration of live attenuated vaccines?","volume":"105","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)91882-5","article-title":"Simultaneous vaccination against cholera and yellow fever","volume":"1","author":"Felsenfeld","year":"1973","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref6","first-page":"258","article-title":"Effect of anticholera vaccination on associated anti-yellow fever immunization (Article in French: Influence de la vaccination antichol\u00e9rique sur l'immunisation antiamarile associ\u00e9e)","volume":"66","author":"Gateff","year":"1973","journal-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ807","article-title":"Interference of monovalent, bivalent, and trivalent Oral poliovirus vaccines on monovalent rotavirus vaccine immunogenicity in rural Bangladesh","volume":"62","author":"Emperador","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.11.093","article-title":"Influence of oral polio vaccines on performance of the monovalent and pentavalent rotavirus vaccines","volume":"30","author":"Patel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3181782780","article-title":"Concomitant use of the oral pentavalent human-bovine reassortant rotavirus vaccine and oral poliovirus vaccine","volume":"27","author":"Ciarlet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1721","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000001721","article-title":"Combination measles-mumps-rubella-varicella vaccine in healthy children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of immunogenicity and safety","volume":"94","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.05.019","article-title":"Mutual interference on the immune response to yellow fever vaccine and a combined vaccine against measles, mumps and rubella","volume":"29","author":"Nascimento Silva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08114-1","article-title":"Immune response to co-administration of measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR), and yellow fever vaccines: a randomized non-inferiority trial among one-year-old children in Argentina","volume":"23","author":"Vizzotti","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.09.047","article-title":"CHRONOVAC VOYAGEUR: a study of the immune response to yellow fever vaccine among infants previously immunized against measles","volume":"35","author":"Goujon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2018.1483727","article-title":"The influence of BCG on vaccine responses - a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2021.1976581","article-title":"Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of V114, a 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, administered concomitantly with influenza vaccine in healthy adults aged \u226550 years: a randomized phase 3 trial (PNEU-FLU)","volume":"18","author":"Severance","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2023.08.006","article-title":"Co-administered pneumococcal conjugate vaccine decreases immune response to hepatitis a vaccine: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"29","author":"Riekkinen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.06.026","article-title":"Glycoconjugate vaccines and immune interference: a review","volume":"28","author":"Dagan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.4.1336-1339.1995","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of a live oral bivalent typhoid fever (salmonella typhi Ty21a)-cholera (vibrio cholerae CVD 103-HgR) vaccine in healthy adults","volume":"63","author":"Cryz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.64.4.1454-1457.1996","article-title":"Randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of combined salmonella typhi Ty21a and vibrio cholerae CVD 103-HgR live oral vaccines","volume":"64","author":"Kollaritsch","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1086\/513984","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of live Oral cholera and typhoid vaccines administered alone or in combination with antimalarial drugs, Oral polio vaccine, or yellow fever vaccine","volume":"175","author":"Kollaritsch","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3031","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(00)00101-8","article-title":"Local and systemic immune responses to combined vibrio cholerae CVD103-HgR and salmonella typhi Ty21a live oral vaccines after primary immunization and reimmunization","volume":"18","author":"Kollaritsch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(90)90088-4","article-title":"Antibody-secreting cells in the evaluation of the immunogenicity of an oral vaccine","volume":"8","author":"Kantele","year":"1990","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr7102a1","article-title":"Cholera vaccine: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices, 2022","volume":"71","author":"Collins","year":"2022","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref24","article-title":"Typhoid vaccines: Canadian immunization guide","author":"Public Health Agency of Canada","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref25","volume-title":"Cholera: The Green Book, Chapter 14","author":"UK Health Security Agency","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref26","volume-title":"Epidemiologishes Bulletin 14\/2025. Recommendations of the STIKO and the DTG on Travel Vaccinations. (Article in German: Empfelungen der St\u00e4ndigen Impfkomission (STIKO) Und der Deutschen Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Tropenmedizin, Reisemedizin Und Globale Gesundheit e. V. (DTG) Zu Reiseimpfungen)","author":"Robert Koch Institut"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref27","volume-title":"Australian Immunisation Handbook","author":"Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation (ATAGI)."},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref28","article-title":"Typhoid fever: Travellers\u2019 health handbook (Article in Finnish: Lavantauti","author":"Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare","journal-title":"Matkailijan terveysopas"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref29","volume-title":"Dukoral, Summary of Product Characteristics","author":"European Medicines Agency"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11071232","article-title":"Oral vaccines: a better future of immunization","volume":"11","author":"Kwong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref31","first-page":"64","article-title":"An update on cholera immunity and current and future cholera vaccines","volume":"6","author":"Holmgren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P211","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-79058-1.00015-3","volume-title":"Vaccines","author":"Clemens","year":"2022","edition":"8th Ed"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-79058-1.00062-1","volume-title":"Vaccines","author":"Levine","year":"2022","edition":"8th Ed"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3680","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.7.3680-3685.1999","article-title":"Mucosal and systemic immune responses in humans after primary and booster immunizations with orally administered invasive and noninvasive live attenuated bacteria","volume":"67","author":"Viret","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2013.058","article-title":"Enzyme-linked immunospot assays for direct ex vivo measurement of vaccine-induced human humoral immune responses in blood","volume":"8","author":"Saletti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref36","volume-title":"Vivotif, Summary of Product Characteristics","author":"Electronic medicines compendium"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/0882-4010(91)90072-I","article-title":"Comparison of the human immune response to live oral, killed oral or killed parenteral salmonella typhi TY21A vaccines","volume":"10","author":"Kantele","year":"1991","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/153.6.1126","article-title":"Specific immunoglobulin-secreting human blood cells after Peroral vaccination against salmonella typhi","volume":"153","author":"Kantele","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.04.066","article-title":"Different kinetics of circulating antibody-secreting cell responses after primary and booster oral immunizations: a tool for assessing immunological memory","volume":"31","author":"Leach","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.10.002","article-title":"Live oral typhoid vaccine salmonella Typhi Ty21a \u2013 a surrogate vaccine against non-typhoid salmonella?","volume":"30","author":"Kantele","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(97)00169-2","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of an oral inactivated enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli vaccine","volume":"16","author":"Jertborn","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref42","first-page":"383","article-title":"Sensitive microplate assay for detection of bactericidal antibodies to vibrio cholerae O139","volume":"9","author":"Attridge","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.07.051","article-title":"Cross-reactive gut-directed immune response against salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi a and B in typhoid fever and after oral Ty21a typhoid vaccination","volume":"30","author":"Pakkanen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115270","article-title":"Intestinal immune responses in humans. Oral cholera vaccination induces strong intestinal antibody responses and interferon-gamma production and evokes local immunological memory","volume":"88","author":"Quiding","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.59.3.996-1001.1991","article-title":"Antibody-producing cells in peripheral blood and salivary glands after oral cholera vaccination of humans","volume":"59","author":"Czerkinsky","year":"1991","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1993.1209","article-title":"Refined structure of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin, a close relative of cholera toxin","volume":"230","author":"Sixma","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD009029","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009029.pub2","article-title":"Vaccines for preventing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) diarrhoea","volume":"2013","author":"Ahmed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.23267","article-title":"Effectiveness of the WC\/rBS oral cholera vaccine in the prevention of traveler\u2019s diarrhea: a prospective cohort study","volume":"9","author":"L\u00f3pez-Gigosos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taab099","article-title":"What\u2019s new in travellers\u2019 diarrhoea: updates on epidemiology, diagnostics, treatment and long-term consequences","volume":"29","author":"Adler","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102293","article-title":"Bacterial travellers\u2019 diarrhoea: a narrative review of literature published over the past 10 years","volume":"47","author":"L\u00f3pez-V\u00e9lez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908.e9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2017.10.034","article-title":"A prospective study of travellers\u2019 diarrhoea: analysis of pathogen findings by destination in various (sub)tropical regions","volume":"24","author":"L\u00e4\u00e4veri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref52","article-title":"Cholera and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) travellers\u2019 diarrhea vaccine: Canadian immunization guide","author":"Public Health Agency of Canada"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref53","first-page":"E1","article-title":"Overview of the impact of typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Utility of Ty21a vaccine (Vivotif\u00ae)","volume":"58","author":"Amicizia","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Prev Med Hyg"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S24","DOI":"10.1086\/518141","article-title":"Ty21a live oral typhoid vaccine and prevention of paratyphoid fever caused by salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi B","volume":"45","author":"Levine","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaau6849","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aau6849","article-title":"Nonspecific effects of oral vaccination with live-attenuated salmonella Typhi strain Ty21a","volume":"5","author":"Pennington","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)92522-U","article-title":"Post-marketing experience with live oral Ty21a vaccine","volume":"341","author":"Cryz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)91910-M","article-title":"Oral immunisation against typhoid fever in Indonesia with Ty21a vaccine","volume":"338","author":"Simanjuntak","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD008603","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008603.pub2","article-title":"Oral vaccines for preventing cholera","volume":"2011","author":"Sinclair","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"taad045","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taad045","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of ETVAX\u00ae, an oral inactivated vaccine against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhoea: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial amongst Finnish travellers to Benin, West Africa","volume":"30","author":"Kantele","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.05.005","article-title":"Correlates of protection for enteric vaccines","volume":"35","author":"Holmgren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(91)90130-X","article-title":"Active immunity is seen as a reduction in the cell response to oral live vaccine","volume":"9","author":"Kantele","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-8-129","article-title":"Immunogenicity and efficacy of oral vaccines in developing countries: lessons from a live cholera vaccine","volume":"8","author":"Levine","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Biol"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref63","article-title":"Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals","volume-title":"Cholera Vaccine","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref64","article-title":"Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals","volume-title":"Typhoid Vaccine","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2026040812415688600_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983403","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.983403","article-title":"Controlled human infectious models, a path forward in uncovering immunological correlates of protection: lessons from enteric fevers studies","volume":"13","author":"Sztein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Travel Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jtm\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jtm\/taag008\/66781622\/taag008.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jtm\/article-pdf\/33\/2\/taag008\/66781622\/taag008.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jtm\/article-pdf\/33\/2\/taag008\/66781622\/taag008.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T16:42:26Z","timestamp":1775666546000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jtm\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jtm\/taag008\/8464194"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jtm\/taag008","relation":{},"ISSN":["1195-1982","1708-8305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1195-1982","type":"print"},{"value":"1708-8305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"article-number":"taag008"}}