{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:03:13Z","timestamp":1769040193955,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Limited data exist on intervertebral disk disease (IVDD) prevalence and risk factors in English cocker spaniels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>IVDD risk factors and prevalence vary between breeds and within sub-populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two thousand six hundred fifty-four English cocker spaniels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An online survey investigating prevalence and factors associated with IVDD was distributed via the UK Kennel Club to registered English cocker spaniel owners (November 14, 2022 to February 2, 2023). Prevalence estimates with 95% confidence intervals were calculated (Wilson score interval). Descriptive statistics were applied to demographic, exercise, and diet variables. Univariable associations were explored using unadjusted odds ratios with 95% CI (Wald method).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall IVDD prevalence was 5.73% (95% CI, 4.82-6.62) and was greater in the show [8.99% (95% CI, 7.30-11.03)] than the working [3.44% (95% CI, 2.61-4.49)] dogs. Dogs in the show group were taller relative to their length compared to those in the working group. The lumbar region accounted for 53.02% (n\u00a0=\u00a079) cases, with an onset time most frequently of less than one day (40.14%, n\u00a0=\u00a059). Males were at greater odds of IVDD in our study compared to females (OR:14.39, 95% CI, 7.30-28.36), with neutered males or females at greater odds compared to the entire dogs (OR:7.9, 95% CI, 4.25-14.67).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and clinical importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>IVDD is common in English cocker spaniels, with a higher prevalence in the show dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jvimsj\/aalaf011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T09:01:57Z","timestamp":1768986117000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence and lifestyle risk factors for intervertebral disk disease in English cocker spaniels"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Joe","family":"Poacher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Queens Veterinary School Hospital, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0ES ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ellen","family":"Schofield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canine Genetics Center, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0ES ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southfields Veterinary Specialists , Basildon SS14 3AP ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queens Veterinary School Hospital, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0ES ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cathryn","family":"Mellersh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canine Genetics Center, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0ES ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queens Veterinary School Hospital, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0ES ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012104015349800_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.240.11.1300","article-title":"Incidence of intervertebral disk degeneration-related diseases and associated mortality rates in dogs","volume":"240","author":"Bergknut","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026012104015349800_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2006.00106.x","article-title":"Canine neurological diseases in a referral hospital population between 1989 and 2000 in Switzerland","volume":"47","author":"Fluehmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026012104015349800_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1970.31.09.1687","article-title":"Canine intervertebral disk disease characterization by age, sex, breed, and anatomic site of involvement","volume":"31","author":"Goggin","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026012104015349800_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2002.tb00049.x","article-title":"Thoracolumbar disc disease in 71 paraplegic dogs: influence of rate of onset and duration of clinical signs on treatment results","volume":"43","author":"Ferreira","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026012104015349800_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.163.1.11","article-title":"Detection of spinal cord compression in dogs with cervical intervertebral disc disease by magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"163","author":"Ryan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"2026012104015349800_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e69650","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069650","article-title":"How long and low can you go? 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