{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T23:38:44Z","timestamp":1769038724630,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001655","name":"Grayson-Jockey Club Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001655","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Calgary Chair in Equine Sports Medicine"},{"name":"Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine Intramural Grant Funds"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Maximal intensity exercise in equine athletes induces pulmonary capillary stress failure and exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) secondary to excessive transmural pressure (Ptm). Furosemide decreases EIPH severity and pulmonary arterial (PAP) and pulmonary wedge (PAW) pressures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Assess the effects of furosemide on Ptm and EIPH during supramaximal exercise.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Six fit retired Thoroughbreds with consistent EIPH Grade\u00a0\u2265\u00a02.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Horses performed a controlled crossover design protocol, completing standardized treadmill tests (120%V\u0307O2max) before and 4\u00a0h after intravenous (IV) furosemide injection (0.5\u00a0mg\/kg). Vascular catheters measured PAP and PAW. An esophageal catheter measured intrapleural pressure (Ppl). Pulmonary capillary pressure (Pcap) was estimated (Pcap\u00a0=\u00a0[PAP\u00a0+\u00a0PAW]\/2) to calculate mean and peak Ptm (Ptm\u00a0=\u00a0Pcap-Ppl). The percentage of time that Ptm exceeded a stress failure threshold of 75\u00a0mm Hg was calculated. Blood and plasma volumes (BV, PV) were measured. Tracheoendoscopic EIPH score and the difference between pre- and post-exercise bronchoalveolar lavage red blood cell count (\u0394BALRBC) were determined 1\u00a0h post-exercise. Treatment-related differences were compared using a paired t-test (P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a0.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Furosemide decreased mean PAP (P\u00a0=\u00a0.03), PAW (P\u00a0=\u00a0.04), and Pcap (P\u00a0=\u00a0.03), but did not affect Ppl. The outcome was decreased maximum (P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a0.01) and minimum Ptm (P\u00a0=\u00a0.04). Transmural pressure exceeded 75\u00a0mm Hg for 57%\u00a0\u00b1\u00a08% of the time in the control run and 31%\u00a0\u00b1\u00a013% after furosemide, reflecting an approximately 45% decrease (P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a0.01). Furosemide (4\u00a0h post-treatment) did not affect BV or PV, but significantly lowered EIPH score (P\u00a0=\u00a0.03) and \u0394BALRBC (P\u00a0=\u00a0.03).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and clinical importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Furosemide decreased EIPH severity and Ptm. However, Ptm remained above the pulmonary capillary stress failure threshold, and some EIPH was observed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jvimsj\/aalaf024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T09:02:16Z","timestamp":1768986136000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The effects of furosemide on pulmonary transmural pressure and exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in supramaximally exercising thoroughbred racehorses"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Shannon","family":"Massie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences , Calgary, Alberta T3L 2G5, \u00a0","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0381-3640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renaud","family":"L\u00e9guillette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary \u2013 VCSD , 3330, Hospital Dr, Calgary, Alberta T3L 2G5 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James H","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences , Davis, CA 95616, \u00a0","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charline","family":"Guigand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences , Calgary, Alberta T3L 2G5, \u00a0","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raymond H","family":"Sides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences , Pullman, WA 99164-6610, \u00a0","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K Blythe","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences , Pullman, WA 99164-6610, \u00a0","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linnea M","family":"Warlick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences , Pullman, WA 99164-6610, \u00a0","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily L","family":"Thueson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences , Pullman, WA 99164-6610, \u00a0","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tristan A","family":"Troudt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences , Pullman, WA 99164-6610, \u00a0","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1403-6245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Warwick M","family":"Bayly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences , Pullman, WA 99164-6610, \u00a0","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012104021135900_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1981.42.05.703","article-title":"Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in racing thoroughbreds: a preliminary study","volume":"42","author":"Pascoe","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026012104021135900_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04054.x","article-title":"A survey of exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage in Quebec Standardbred racehorses","volume":"26","author":"Lapointe","year":"1994","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"2026012104021135900_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2002.tb05451.x","article-title":"EIPH: postrace endoscopic evaluation of Standardbreds and Thoroughbreds","volume":"34","author":"Birks","year":"2002","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"2026012104021135900_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2005.227.768","article-title":"Association between exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage and performance in thoroughbred racehorses","volume":"227","author":"Hinchcliff","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026012104021135900_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12368","article-title":"Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage impairs racing performance in thoroughbred racehorses","volume":"47","author":"Morley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"2026012104021135900_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13959","article-title":"Tracheobronchoscopic assessment of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage and airway inflammation in barrel racing horses","volume":"30","author":"L\u00e9guillette","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026012104021135900_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15066","article-title":"Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in barrel racing horses in the Pacific northwest region of the United States","volume":"32","author":"Gold","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026012104021135900_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.255.6.710","article-title":"Prevalence of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in competing endurance horses","volume":"255","author":"Tarac\u00f3n","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026012104021135900_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1935(05)80108-3","article-title":"Pulmonary hemodynamics in the exercising horse and their relationship to exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage","volume":"149","author":"Manohar","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br Vet J"},{"key":"2026012104021135900_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1993.75.3.1097","article-title":"Stress failure of pulmonary capillaries in racehorses with exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage","volume":"75","author":"West","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026012104021135900_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1997.82.5.1584","article-title":"Very high pressures are required to cause stress failure of pulmonary capillaries in thoroughbred racehorses","volume":"82","author":"Birks","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026012104021135900_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05198.x","article-title":"Effects of frusemide on pulmonary capillary pressure in horses exercising on a treadmill","volume":"31","author":"Gleed","year":"1999","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"2026012104021135900_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00575.2023","article-title":"Equine exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage: the role of high left-heart pressures secondary to exercise-induced hypervolemia, and high inspiratory pressures","volume":"137","author":"Bayly","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026012104021135900_ref14","first-page":"9","article-title":"On blood volume and working capacity in horses. Studies of methodology and physiological and pathological variations","volume":"19","author":"Persson","year":"1967","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"key":"2026012104021135900_ref15","first-page":"216","article-title":"The pharmacology of furosemide in the horse: III. Dose and time response relationships, effects of repeated dosing, and performance effects","volume":"2","author":"Tobin","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Equine Med and Surg"},{"key":"2026012104021135900_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.2746\/042516401776563336","article-title":"Effects of an external nasal strip and frusemide on pulmonary haemorrhage in thoroughbreds following high-intensity exercise","volume":"33","author":"Geor","year":"2001","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"2026012104021135900_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.235.1.76","article-title":"Efficacy of furosemide for prevention of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in thoroughbred racehorses","volume":"235","author":"Hinchcliff","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026012104021135900_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.1991.tb00855.x","article-title":"Furosemide-induced changes in plasma and blood volume of horses","volume":"14","author":"Hinchcliff","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2026012104021135900_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1976.37.10.1177","article-title":"Acute hemodynamic effects of furosemide administered intravenously in the horse","volume":"37","author":"Muir","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026012104021135900_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1993.54.06.952","article-title":"Furosemide attenuates the exercise-induced increase in pulmonary artery wedge pressure in horses","volume":"54","author":"Manohar","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026012104021135900_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1997.tb03127.x","article-title":"Pulmonary vascular pressures of strenuously exercising thoroughbreds after administration of varying doses of furosemide","volume":"29","author":"Manohar","year":"1997","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"2026012104021135900_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2885.2000.00252.x","article-title":"Pulmonary vascular pressures of thoroughbred horses exercised 1, 2, 3 and 4 h after furosemide administration","volume":"23","author":"Magid","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2026012104021135900_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1992.53.05.742","article-title":"Influence of furosemide on hemodynamic responses during exercise in horses","volume":"53","author":"Olsen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026012104021135900_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(90)90098-J","article-title":"Mechanics of breathing during strenuous exercise in thoroughbred horses","volume":"82","author":"Art","year":"1990","journal-title":"Respir Physiol"},{"key":"2026012104021135900_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1992.tb09929.x","article-title":"Respiratory mechanics of horses during stepwise treadmill exercise tests, and the effect of clenbuterol pretreatment on them","volume":"69","author":"Slocombe","year":"1992","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"key":"2026012104021135900_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.2746\/042516401776249741","article-title":"Effects of inhalation of albuterol sulphate, ipratropium bromide and frusemide on breathing mechanics and gas exchange in healthy exercising horses","volume":"33","author":"Bayly","year":"2001","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"2026012104021135900_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1982.52.3.634","article-title":"Micropuncture measurement of lung microvascular pressure during 5-HT infusion","volume":"52","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026012104021135900_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12711","article-title":"Validation of masks for determination of VO2max in horses exercising at high intensity","volume":"50","author":"Sides","year":"2018","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"2026012104021135900_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1993.75.2.1002","article-title":"Equine plasma and blood volumes decrease with dehydration but subsequently increase with exercise","volume":"75","author":"Naylor","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026012104021135900_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1998.tb04098.x","article-title":"Quantification of exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage with bronchoalveolar lavage","volume":"30","author":"Meyer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"2026012104021135900_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2005.66.596","article-title":"Tracheobronchoscopic assessment of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in horses","volume":"66","author":"Hinchcliff","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026012104021135900_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15676","article-title":"Relationship between tracheobronchoscopic score and bronchoalveolar lavage red blood cell numbers in the diagnosis of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in horses","volume":"34","author":"Lopez Sanchez","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026012104021135900_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1985.46.09.2000","article-title":"Efficacy of furosemide in the treatment of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in thoroughbred racehorses","volume":"46","author":"Pascoe","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026012104021135900_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05212.x","article-title":"Effects of pre-exercise frusemide administration and postexercise anaesthesia on cardiopulmonary and acid-base parameters and blood and plasma volume in horses exercised supramaximally to fatigue","volume":"31","author":"Keegan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"2026012104021135900_ref35","first-page":"1181","article-title":"Effects of exercise, furosemide, blood depletion, and reinfusion on body fluid compartment volumes in horses","volume":"61","author":"McCrae","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"2026012104021135900_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1996.80.5.1792","article-title":"Pulmonary capillary pressure during exercise in horses","volume":"80","author":"Sinha","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026012104021135900_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.88.6.2269","article-title":"Exercise alters fractal dimension and spatial correlation of pulmonary blood flow in the horse","volume":"88","author":"Sinclair","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026012104021135900_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1997.58.08.897","article-title":"Effects of airway obstruction on transmural pulmonary artery pressure in exercising horses","volume":"58","author":"Jackson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/40\/1\/aalaf024\/66458900\/aalaf024.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/40\/1\/aalaf024\/66458900\/aalaf024.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T09:02:19Z","timestamp":1768986139000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jvimsj\/aalaf024\/8429748"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jvimsj\/aalaf024","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"article-number":"aalaf024"}}