{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T10:51:40Z","timestamp":1770547900173,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":26,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A 3-year-old, male neutered toy Chinese crested powderpuff dog was presented with an acute onset obtundation that progressed to status epilepticus. On presentation, neurological examination was localized to a right forebrain lesion. Bizarre episodes, consisting of disconjugate nystagmus of the left eye, medial strabismus of the right eye with convergent-retraction movements in both eyes, were recorded. Head magnetic resonance imaging revealed intra-axial multifocal lesions affecting the right fronto-temporal cortices and dorsal paramedian thalamus. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed a marked mononuclear pleocytosis. Electroencephalographic recordings revealed recurrent medium-amplitude interictal isolated spikes, and suspected epileptic spikes alongside with eye movement that were mainly visible in the right hemisphere. The presumptive diagnosis was meningoencephalitis of unknown origin. Despite treatment, the dog died. This is a report of monocular nystagmus with a presumptive epileptic origin in veterinary medicine, a rare clinical sign in human patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jvimsj\/aalaf078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T09:50:33Z","timestamp":1769507433000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Monocular ictal nystagmus in a dog: potentially a newly recognized focal seizure phenotype"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5508-7666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Miguel","family":"De Frias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies Hospital for Small Animals, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh EH25 9RG ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elsa","family":"Lyon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Elyope , 94100 Saint-Maur-des-Foss\u00e9s ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8537-5704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert","family":"Aguilera-Padros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies Hospital for Small Animals, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh EH25 9RG ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8705-8576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aran","family":"Nagendran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies Hospital for Small Animals, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh EH25 9RG ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020706131398600_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14789","article-title":"Diagnostic utility of wireless video-electroencephalography in unsedated dogs","volume":"31","author":"James","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020706131398600_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(03)00347-X","article-title":"Canine electroencephalographic recording technique: findings in normal and epileptic dogs","volume":"115","author":"Pellegrino","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2026020706131398600_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2023.01.002","article-title":"Routine and sleep EEG: minimum recording standards of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology and the international league against epilepsy","volume":"147","author":"Peltola","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2026020706131398600_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2009.03.031","article-title":"Clinical findings and treatment of non-infectious meningoencephalomyelitis in dogs: a systematic review of 457 published cases from 1962 to 2008","volume":"184","author":"Granger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Veter J"},{"key":"2026020706131398600_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2018.12.007","article-title":"Clinical presentation, diagnostic findings, prognostic factors, treatment and outcome in dogs with meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown origin: a review","volume":"244","author":"Cornelis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Veterinary J"},{"key":"2026020706131398600_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.7241","volume-title":"System of Ophthalmology","author":"Stewart","year":"1958"},{"key":"2026020706131398600_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.01.004","article-title":"Acquired monocular nystagmus in chiasmal glioma-a video-oculographic study","volume":"23","author":"Brodsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAAPOS."},{"key":"2026020706131398600_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2019.03.025","article-title":"Modulation of acquired monocular pendular nystagmus in multiple sclerosis: a modeling approach","volume":"249","author":"Jung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"2026020706131398600_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(84)90140-5","article-title":"Monocular nystagmus in infancy and early childhood","volume":"98","author":"Farmer","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2026020706131398600_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00313908","article-title":"Monocular downbeat nystagmus","volume":"232","author":"Bogousslavsky","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"2026020706131398600_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcam.2020.100439","article-title":"Monocular nystagmus representing Heimann-Bielschowsky phenomenon in a dog with ipsilateral vision loss","volume":"40","author":"Liatis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Top Companion Anim Med"},{"key":"2026020706131398600_ref12","first-page":"13500","article-title":"Two types of isolated epileptic nystagmus: case report","volume":"8","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"2026020706131398600_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2023.02.016","article-title":"Possible underlying mechanism of epileptic nystagmus as studied by stereoelectroencephalography","volume":"107","author":"Kheder","year":"2023","journal-title":"Seizure: Eur J Epilep"},{"key":"2026020706131398600_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1982.00510220051012","article-title":"Monocular ictal nystagmus","volume":"39","author":"Jacome","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"2026020706131398600_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.9.1438","article-title":"Epileptic monocular nystagmus","volume":"59","author":"Grant","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"2026020706131398600_ref16","first-page":"293","article-title":"Monocular downbeat nystagmus","volume":"18","author":"Jacome","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann Ophtalmol"},{"key":"2026020706131398600_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1076\/noph.22.1.47.3738","article-title":"Eye movements in canine hemichiasma: does human hemichiasma exist?","volume":"22","author":"Dell\u2019Osso","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuro-Ophthalmology."},{"key":"2026020706131398600_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(97)00337-4","article-title":"The congenital and see-saw nystagmus in the prototypical achiasma of canines: comparison to the human achiasmatic prototype","volume":"38","author":"Dell\u2019Osso","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"2026020706131398600_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0829-6001","article-title":"The Heimann-Bielschowsky phenomenon: a retrospective case series and literature review","volume":"236","author":"Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Klin Monbl Augenheilkd"},{"key":"2026020706131398600_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebcr.2013.05.002","article-title":"Epileptic monocular nystagmus and ictal diplopia as cortical and subcortical dysfunction","volume":"1","author":"Schulz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav Case Rep"},{"key":"2026020706131398600_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16957","article-title":"The value of a head turn in neurolocalization","volume":"38","author":"Nagendran","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020706131398600_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.1961.tb06235.x","article-title":"Autonomic-psychic experimental epilepsy in the cat due to insular and circum-insular lesions","volume":"2","author":"Blum","year":"1961","journal-title":"Epilepsia."},{"key":"2026020706131398600_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.17046","article-title":"Clinical features and outcome of 10 dogs with suspected idiopathic vestibular epilepsy","volume":"38","author":"Al Kafaji","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020706131398600_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2016.12.031","article-title":"Ictal EEG\/fMRI study of vertiginous seizures","volume":"68","author":"Morano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilep Behav"},{"key":"2026020706131398600_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2013.00073","article-title":"Epilepsy and the cortical vestibular system: Tales of dizziness and recent concepts","volume":"7","author":"Hewett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Integr Neurosci"},{"key":"2026020706131398600_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2018.0980","article-title":"Epileptic ictal strabismus: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"20","author":"Brigo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord"},{"key":"2026020706131398600_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2021.108027","article-title":"Epileptic strabismus: a brief artistic and historical overview of an unusual phenomenon","volume":"120","author":"Brigo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilep Behav"},{"key":"2026020706131398600_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2010.03.024","article-title":"Clinical and topographic magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of suspected thalamic infarcts in 16 dogs","volume":"188","author":"Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026020706131398600_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16986","article-title":"Medial strabismus (esotropia) at rest associated with contralateral paramedian thalamic ischemic infarction in 2 dogs","volume":"38","author":"Liatis","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020706131398600_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcam.2019.100381","article-title":"Convergence-retraction nystagmus in a dog with presumptive ischemic encephalopathy following acute cervicothoracic myelopathy","volume":"38","author":"Liatis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Top Companion Anim Med"},{"key":"2026020706131398600_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13966","article-title":"Convergence-retraction nystagmus associated with dorsal midbrain lesions in three dogs","volume":"30","author":"Crawford","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020706131398600_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-6486","article-title":"Artifacts during short-term interictal electroencephalographic recording in dogs","volume":"53","author":"Cauduro","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/40\/1\/aalaf078\/66587036\/aalaf078.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/40\/1\/aalaf078\/66587036\/aalaf078.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T11:13:35Z","timestamp":1770462815000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jvimsj\/aalaf078\/8441855"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jvimsj\/aalaf078","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"article-number":"aalaf078"}}