{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T13:24:54Z","timestamp":1791638694252,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":47,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015754","name":"Dairy Farmers of Ontario","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015754","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010710","name":"Dairy Farmers of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Veal Farmers of Ontario, and Lactanet"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Detecting bacteremia in calves is essential to identify those calves with systemic infections that could benefit from antimicrobial therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the prevalence of bacteremia in neonatal calves with diarrhea in a commercial setting and investigate the association between clinical and blood variables with bacteremia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One hundred neonatal calves with diarrhea.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Case-control study. Clinical and laboratory variables were analyzed using exact conditional logistic regression and classification analysis and regression tree (CART) to evaluate their association with bacteremia, which was determined by blood culture.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of bacteremia was 37% (37\/100). The most frequently identified bacteria were Streptococcus ruminantium and Escherichia coli. In the multivariable model including all the clinical and laboratory variables, HCO3- (for each 1\u00a0mmol\/L increase odd ratio [OR]: 0.78; 95% CI, 0.60-0.95\u00a0mmol\/L) and albumin concentration (for each 1\u00a0g\/dL increase OR: 0.67; 0.43-0.93\u00a0g\/dL) were associated with lower odds of bacteremia on the first day it was detected, whereas the presence of scleral injection was associated with increased odds of bacteremia (OR: 10.75; 95% CI, 11.11-inf.). The CART indicated that low heart rate (&amp;lt; 98 beats per minute), enophthalmos (&amp;gt; 2.5\u00a0mm), lower monocyte count (&amp;lt; 0.63 x 109\/L) and red cell distribution width (&amp;lt; 23%) were important predictors of bacteremia in diarrheic neonatal calves.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and clinical importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Scleral injection, greater rectal temperature, enophthalmos, electrolyte derangement, and lower RDW and albumin concentration could be used to identify bacteremia in diarrheic neonatal calves.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jvimsj\/aalag007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T13:59:39Z","timestamp":1771336779000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Characterizing bacteremia in neonatal calves with diarrhea: a case-control study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1022-2507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luiza S","family":"Zakia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph , Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, \u00a0","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph , Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, \u00a0","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego E","family":"Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Abu Dhabi Equine and Camel Hospital (ADECH), Al Wathba , Abu Dhabi ,","place":["United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1929-2106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter D","family":"Constable","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois , Urbana, IL 61802, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2027-7704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen J","family":"LeBlanc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph , Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, \u00a0","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3439-3987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David L","family":"Renaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph , Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, \u00a0","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2013.10.019","article-title":"Factors associated with morbidity, mortality, and growth of dairy heifer calves up to 3 months of age","volume":"113","author":"Windeyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2011-4727","article-title":"Characteristics of dairy calf ranches: morbidity, mortality, antibiotic use practices, and biosecurity and biocontainment practices","volume":"95","author":"Walker","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref3","article-title":"Morbidity and Mortality in U. S. Preweaned Dairy Heifer Calves: NAHMS Dairy 2014 Study Calf Component Information","volume-title":"US Department of Agriculture","author":"USDA","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7008","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-19791","article-title":"Effect of preweaning disease on the reproductive performance and first-lactation milk production of heifers in a large dairy herd","volume":"104","author":"Abuelo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2004.tb00129.x","article-title":"Antimicrobial use in the treatment of calf diarrhea","volume":"18","author":"Constable","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10080910","article-title":"The antibiotic treatment of calf diarrhea in four European countries: a survey","volume":"10","author":"Eibl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2021.105713","article-title":"A multidisciplinary approach to reduce and refine antimicrobial drugs use for diarrhoea in dairy calves","volume":"274","author":"Gomez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref8","article-title":"Joint AVMA-FVE-CVMA statement on responsible and judicious use of antimicrobials","author":"AVMA\/FVE\/CVMA","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1999.tb01134.x","article-title":"Model to predict septicemia in diarrheic calves","volume":"13","author":"Lofstedt","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref10","first-page":"101","article-title":"Use of a clinical sepsis score for predicting bacteremia in neonatal dairy calves on a calf rearing farm","volume":"38","author":"Fecteau","year":"1997","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-19819","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of bacteremia in dairy calves with diarrhea","volume":"105","author":"Garcia","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16607","article-title":"Sepsis and survival in critically ill calves: risk factors and antimicrobial use","volume":"37","author":"Pas","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3367","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.17228","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory predictors for bacteremia in critically ill calves","volume":"38","author":"Pas","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182938","article-title":"Clinical signs, profound acidemia, hypoglycemia, and hypernatremia are predictive of mortality in 1,400 critically ill neonatal calves with diarrhea","volume":"12","author":"Trefz","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.17040","article-title":"Bayesian evaluation of sensitivity and specificity of blood culture media and hypoglycemia in sepsis-suspected calves","volume":"38","author":"Pas","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref16","first-page":"1086","article-title":"Association of unmeasured strong ions with outcome of hospitalized beef and dairy diarrheic calves","volume":"58","author":"Gomez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref17","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Study Protocol: Characterizing Bacteremia in Neonatal Calves with Diarrhea; a Prospective Cohort Study","author":"Zakia","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.3168\/jdsc.2024-0709","article-title":"Investigating gut permeability in neonatal calves with diarrhea: a case-control study","volume":"6","author":"Zakia","year":"2025","journal-title":"JDS Communications"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref19","first-page":"81","volume-title":"Code of Practice for the Care and Handling of Veal Cattle","author":"National Farm Animal Care Council","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref20","first-page":"1265","article-title":"Risk factors for poor health outcomes for male dairy calves undergoing transportation in western Canada","volume":"61","author":"Wilson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(77)83975-1","article-title":"Guidelines toward more uniformity in measuring and reporting calf experimental data","volume":"60","author":"Larson","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(00)74948-4","article-title":"Characteristics of veal calves upon arrival, at 28 and 84 days, and at end of the production cycle","volume":"83","author":"Wilson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1998.212.07.991","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory assessment of hydration status of neonatal calves with diarrhea","volume":"212","author":"Constable","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2659","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-13581","article-title":"Risk factors associated with mortality at a milk-fed veal calf facility: a prospective cohort study","volume":"101","author":"Renaud","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10709","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-18907","article-title":"Technical note: is fecal consistency scoring an accurate measure of fecal dry matter in dairy calves?","volume":"103","author":"Renaud","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref26","first-page":"407","article-title":"Evaluation of methods for dehydration of bovine colostrum for total replacement of normal colostrum in calves","volume":"34","author":"Chelack","year":"1993","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6449","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-5329","article-title":"Validation of handheld meters to measure blood L-lactate concentration in dairy cows and calves","volume":"95","author":"Burfeind","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2776","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15956","article-title":"Acid-base disorders in sick goats and their association with mortality: a simplified strong ion difference approach","volume":"34","author":"Gomez","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02731.x","article-title":"Use of a quantitative strong ion approach to determine the mechanism for acid-base abnormalities in sick calves with or without diarrhea","volume":"19","author":"Constable","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref30","first-page":"241","article-title":"Assessment of seasonality of rotavirus PCR detection in swine from Ontario and Quebec between 2016-2020 using submissions to a diagnostic laboratory","volume":"86","author":"Tran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1177\/03009858221146092","article-title":"Bronchopneumonia with interstitial pneumonia in beef feedlot cattle: characterization and laboratory investigation","volume":"60","author":"Haydock","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700840117","article-title":"Observations on the aetiology of neonatal diarrhoea (scours) in calves","volume":"84","author":"Smith","year":"1962","journal-title":"J Pathol Bacteriol"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref33","first-page":"323","volume-title":"Veterinary Epidemiologic Research","author":"Dohoo","year":"2014","edition":"1st ed."},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603358","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.603358","article-title":"Intravenous and oral fluid therapy in neonatal calves with diarrhea or sepsis and in adult cattle","volume":"7","author":"Constable","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-39055-2.00001-2","volume-title":"Rebhun\u2019s Diseases of Dairy Cattle","author":"Divers","year":"2018","edition":"3rd ed."},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16357","article-title":"Serum haptoglobin concentration and liver enzyme activity as indicators of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and survival of sick calves","volume":"36","author":"Jaramillo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12955","article-title":"Biochemistry and hematology reference intervals for neonatal dairy calves aged 5-12 days","volume":"50","author":"Roadknight","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref38","first-page":"95","article-title":"Bacteriological culture of blood from critically ill neonatal calves","volume":"38","author":"Fecteau","year":"1997","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-023-00856-x","article-title":"Colonization and development of the gut microbiome in calves","volume":"14","author":"Du","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Biotechnol"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2015.00036","article-title":"The gut microbiome and its potential role in the development and function of newborn calf gastrointestinal tract","volume":"2","author":"Malmuthuge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.846383","article-title":"Calf diarrhea is associated with a shift from obligated to facultative anaerobes and expansion of lactate-producing bacteria","volume":"9","author":"Gomez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.21423\/bovine-vol48no1p61-75","article-title":"Clinical examination, diagnostic testing, and treatment options for neonatal calves with diarrhea: a review","volume":"48","author":"Dawes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bov Pract (Stillwater)"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1993.203.09.1324","article-title":"Neonatal septicemia in calves: 25 cases (1985-1990)","volume":"203","author":"Aldridge","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02704-w","article-title":"Comparison of antimicrobial prescription patterns in calves in Switzerland before and after the launch of online guidelines for prudent antimicrobial use","volume":"17","author":"Hubbuch","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.26482","article-title":"Pathophysiology of microcirculatory dysfunction and the pathogenesis of septic shock","volume":"5","author":"De Backer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2019.08.009","article-title":"Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular systolic function in neonatal calves with naturally occurring sepsis or septic shock due to diarrhea","volume":"126","author":"Naseri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997853","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.997853","article-title":"Diagnostic value of RDW for the prediction of mortality in adult sepsis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref48","first-page":"1","article-title":"A study of elevated red cell distribution width (RDW) in early-onset neonatal sepsis","volume":"70","author":"Hodeib","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gaz Egypt Paediatr Assoc"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000001319","article-title":"A study of red cell distribution width in neonatal sepsis","volume":"36","author":"Ellahony","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s44337-024-00011-z","article-title":"Association of red cell distribution width (RDW) with positive blood culture of neonatal sepsis in Khartoum state, Sudan","volume":"1","author":"Mohamed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Discov Med"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E35725","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000035725","article-title":"Diagnostic and prognostic value of PCT and RDW in premature infants with septicemia","volume":"103","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicine (United States)"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16045","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.45","article-title":"Sepsis and septic shock","volume":"2","author":"Hotchkiss","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1002\/jpen.1451","article-title":"Hypoalbuminemia: pathogenesis and clinical significance","volume":"43","author":"Soeters","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Parenter Enteral Nutr"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16031","article-title":"Dependence of the apparent bicarbonate space on initial plasma bicarbonate concentration and carbon dioxide tension in neonatal calves with diarrhea, acidemia, and metabolic acidosis","volume":"35","author":"Trefz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12556","article-title":"Quantitative physicochemical analysis of acid-base balance and clinical utility of anion gap and strong ion gap in 806 neonatal calves with diarrhea","volume":"29","author":"Trefz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.00848.x","article-title":"Metabolic acidosis in neonatal calf diarrhea: clinical findings and theoretical assessment of a simple treatment protocol","volume":"26","author":"Trefz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-8-238","article-title":"Construction and validation of a decision tree for treating metabolic acidosis in calves with neonatal diarrhea","volume":"8","author":"Trefz","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12193","article-title":"Contribution of unmeasured anions to acid-base disorders and its association with altered demeanor in 264 calves with neonatal diarrhea","volume":"27","author":"Gomez","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2004.tb02615.x","article-title":"D-lactate production and excretion in diarrheic calves","volume":"18","author":"Ewaschuk","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1998.tb00493.x","article-title":"Hemostatic and fibrinolytic indices in neonatal foals with presumed septicemia","volume":"12","author":"Barton","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpgasthep1264","article-title":"Mechanisms of infectious diarrhea","volume":"5","author":"Navaneethan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Cli Pract Gastroenterol Hepathol"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e211276","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.1276","article-title":"Association of clinician diagnostic performance with machine learning-based decision support systems: a systematic review","volume":"4","author":"Vasey","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2022.105630","article-title":"Factors associated with body weight of young surplus dairy calves on arrival to a calf rearing facility","volume":"203","author":"Rot","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00009","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00009-19","article-title":"A comprehensive update on the problem of blood culture contamination and a discussion of methods for addressing the problem","volume":"33","author":"Doern","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00697","article-title":"How to optimize the use of blood cultures for the diagnosis of bloodstream infections?","volume":"7","author":"Lamy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2009-2340","article-title":"Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy for neonatal calf diarrhea complex: effects on calf performance","volume":"88","author":"Todd","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25413","article-title":"Effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on neonatal calf diarrhea when administered at a disease alert generated by automated milk feeders","volume":"108","author":"Welk","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2008.10.009","article-title":"Salmonella in calves","volume":"25","author":"Mohler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am - Food Animal"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2009.08.022","article-title":"Use of quantitative real-time PCR for the detection of Salmonella spp. in fecal samples from horses at a veterinary teaching hospital","volume":"186","author":"Pusterla","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2014.04.007","article-title":"Development of 23 individual TaqMan\u00ae real-time PCR assays for identifying common foodborne pathogens using a single set of amplification conditions","volume":"43","author":"Cremonesi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Microbiol"},{"key":"2026021708593010100_ref71","first-page":"50","article-title":"coli (ETEC) diarrhea and its diagnosis","volume":"4","author":"Archambault","year":"2000","journal-title":"AHL Newsletter"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/40\/1\/aalag007\/66958499\/aalag007.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/40\/1\/aalag007\/66958499\/aalag007.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T13:59:46Z","timestamp":1771336786000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jvimsj\/aalag007\/8488663"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jvimsj\/aalag007","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"article-number":"aalag007"}}