{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T18:06:53Z","timestamp":1771956413507,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":54,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Upper respiratory tract diseases in companion animals encompass various diagnoses and anatomical localizations that are challenging to distinguish based solely on clinical signs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Assess associations between signalment and clinical signs, and the localization and categories of nasal and nasopharyngeal diseases in dogs and cats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 396 client-owned animals (167 cats, 229 dogs) presented for nasal or nasopharyngeal disease at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the University of Li\u00e8ge (Belgium) between 2018 and 2022.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective observational cross-sectional study. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to identify associations between signalment and clinical signs and disease type or localization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nasopharyngeal disease in cats was associated with stertor (odds ratio [OR], 10.1; 95%CI, 2.2-47.3; P\u00a0=\u00a0.003), dyspnea (OR, 6.5; 95%CI, 2.0-21.6; P\u00a0=\u00a0.002), absence of sneezing (OR, 0.1; 95%CI, 0.03-0.4; P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.001), and nasal discharge (OR, 0.04; 95%CI, 0.007-0.2; P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a0.001). In dogs, nasal and nasopharyngeal localizations were, respectively, associated with sneezing (OR, 95.6; 95%CI, 9.3-987.9; P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a0.001) and reverse sneezing (OR, 5.7; 95%CI, 1.3-25.2; P\u00a0=\u00a0.02). Although epistaxis was associated with both fungal rhinitis and nasal masses in dogs, only masses were associated with decreased nasal airflow (OR, 29.4; 95%CI, 8.1-106.9; P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a0.001), whereas it was preserved in fungal rhinitis (OR, 0.02; 95%CI, 0.003-0.15; P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a0.001). Systemic signs were observed in cats with nasal masses (OR, 7.3; 95%CI, 2.5-21.3; P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a0.001); in dogs, they were linked to fungal rhinosinusitis (OR, 26.1; 95%CI, 3.9-176.0; P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a0.001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and clinical importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Signalment and clinical signs provide valuable indicators for diagnosis and localization of nasal diseases in dogs and cats, which may guide clinical decision-making.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jvimsj\/aalag022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T17:25:19Z","timestamp":1771953919000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association between signalment and clinical signs, and nasal and nasopharyngeal diseases type and localization in dogs and cats"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Mathilde","family":"Vilcot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Li\u00e8ge , Li\u00e8ge ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lara","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Li\u00e8ge , Li\u00e8ge ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cecile","family":"Clercx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Li\u00e8ge , Li\u00e8ge ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elodie","family":"Roels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Li\u00e8ge , Li\u00e8ge ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Billen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Li\u00e8ge , Li\u00e8ge ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026022412251024500_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2019.11.002","article-title":"Canine nasal disease: an update","volume":"50","author":"Cohn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026022412251024500_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.230.7.1032","article-title":"Chronic nasal discharge in cats: 75 cases (1993-2004)","volume":"230","author":"Demko","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026022412251024500_ref3","first-page":"71","article-title":"A retrospective study of canine persistent nasal disease: 80 cases (1998-2003)","volume":"49","author":"Meler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"2026022412251024500_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v80i4.212","article-title":"A retrospective study of chronic nasal disease in 75 dogs","volume":"80","author":"Lobetti","year":"2009","journal-title":"J S Afr Vet Assoc"},{"key":"2026022412251024500_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1999.tb02998.x","article-title":"Aetiology and diagnosis of persistent nasal disease in the dog: a retrospective study of 42 cases","volume":"40","author":"Tasker","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026022412251024500_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ctsap.2005.12.016","article-title":"Canine and feline nasal neoplasia","volume":"21","author":"Malinowski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Tech Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026022412251024500_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2019.10.005","article-title":"Chronic rhinitis in the cat: an update","volume":"50","author":"Reed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026022412251024500_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2010.11.3.249","article-title":"Clinical findings, rhinoscopy and histological evaluation of 54 dogs with chronic nasal disease","volume":"11","author":"Pietra","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026022412251024500_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1515\/pjvs-2015-0088","article-title":"Fungal rhinitis in dogs","volume":"18","author":"Ostrzeszewicz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pol J Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026022412251024500_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1997.tb14377.x","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal cryptococcosis","volume":"75","author":"Malik","year":"1997","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"key":"2026022412251024500_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X12444997","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal disease in cats: 1. Diagnostic investigation","volume":"14","author":"Reed","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"2026022412251024500_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2004.224.1952","article-title":"Idiopathic lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis in dogs: 37 cases (1997-2002)","volume":"224","author":"Windsor","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026022412251024500_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16661","article-title":"A One Health review of aerodigestive disease in dogs","volume":"37","author":"Grobman","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026022412251024500_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15827","article-title":"Upper digestive tract abnormalities in dogs with chronic idiopathic lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis","volume":"34","author":"Gianella","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026022412251024500_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S1098-612X(03)00044-5","article-title":"A retrospective study of non-specific rhinitis in 22 cats and the value of nasal cytology and histopathology","volume":"5","author":"Michiels","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"2026022412251024500_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2003.08.005","article-title":"Investigation of nasal disease in the cat\u2014a retrospective study of 77 cases","volume":"6","author":"Henderson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"2026022412251024500_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.44-6-885","article-title":"Nasal and nasopharyngeal lymphoma in cats: 50 cases (1989-2005)","volume":"44","author":"Little","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"2026022412251024500_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X12444998","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal disease in cats: 2. Specific conditions and their management","volume":"14","author":"Reed","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"2026022412251024500_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.5326\/15473317-35-6-457","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal diseases in cats: a retrospective study of 53 cases (1991-1998)","volume":"35","author":"Allen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"2026022412251024500_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1053\/svms.2002.36602","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal polyps in cats","volume":"17","author":"Kudnig","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Tech Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026022412251024500_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2016.01.005","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of nasopharyngeal stenosis","volume":"46","author":"Berent","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026022412251024500_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.233.9.1432","article-title":"Use of a balloon-expandable metallic stent for treatment of nasopharyngeal stenosis in dogs and cats: six cases (2005\u20132007)","volume":"233","author":"Berent","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026022412251024500_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098612X241281902","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X241281902","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal stenosis in cats: a retrospective study of 21 cases comparing endoscopic and surgical treatment (2018\u20132022)","volume":"26","author":"Champetier","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"2026022412251024500_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1999.tb11675.x","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal obstruction due to cystic Rathke\u2019s clefts in two dogs","volume":"77","author":"Johnston","year":"1999","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"key":"2026022412251024500_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-7176","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal presentation of a pharyngeal cleft cyst in a dog","volume":"58","author":"Job","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"2026022412251024500_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.253.10.1300","article-title":"Interventional treatment of benign nasopharyngeal stenosis and imperforate nasopharynx in dogs and cats: 46 cases (2005-2013)","volume":"253","author":"Burdick","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026022412251024500_ref27","first-page":"1128","volume-title":"Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine: Diseases of the Dog and the Cat","author":"Oechtering","year":"2024","edition":"9th"},{"key":"2026022412251024500_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X21994396","article-title":"Comparison of CT features of 79 cats with intranasal mass lesions","volume":"23","author":"Bouyssou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"2026022412251024500_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2012.01245.x","article-title":"Sinonasal aspergillosis in dogs: a review","volume":"53","author":"Sharman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026022412251024500_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9120665","article-title":"Reverse sneezing in dogs: observational study in 30 cases","volume":"9","author":"Talavera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026022412251024500_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2006.00032.x","article-title":"Diagnosis of pharyngeal disorders in dogs: a retrospective study of 67 cases","volume":"47","author":"Billen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026022412251024500_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2007.05.005","article-title":"Update on canine sinonasal aspergillosis","volume":"37","author":"Peeters","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026022412251024500_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.13736","article-title":"Diagnostic findings in sinonasal aspergillosis in dogs in the United Kingdom: 475 cases (2011\u20132021)","volume":"65","author":"Prior","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026022412251024500_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1053\/jfms.2001.0141","article-title":"Feline nasal and paranasal sinus tumors: clinicopathological study, histomorphological description and diagnostic immunohistochemistry of 123 cases","volume":"3","author":"Mukaratirwa","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"2026022412251024500_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12175","article-title":"Characteristics of canine nasal discharge related to intranasal diseases: a\u2009retrospective study of 105 cases","volume":"55","author":"Plickert","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026022412251024500_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.23-0315","article-title":"Construction of diagnostic prediction model for canine nasal diseases using less invasive examinations without anesthesia","volume":"85","author":"Nakazawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"2026022412251024500_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2011.02.009","article-title":"Sinonasal and sino-orbital aspergillosis in 23 cats: aetiology, clinicopathological features and treatment outcomes","volume":"191","author":"Barrs","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026022412251024500_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.70076","article-title":"Fungal rhinosinusitis in cats in the United Kingdom: 34 cases (2013\u20132022)","volume":"39","author":"Russell","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/40\/1\/aalag022\/67092616\/aalag022.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/40\/1\/aalag022\/67092616\/aalag022.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T17:25:20Z","timestamp":1771953920000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jvimsj\/aalag022\/8496202"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jvimsj\/aalag022","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"article-number":"aalag022"}}