{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T19:33:15Z","timestamp":1791401595803,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Breed predispositions for bacterial hepatobiliary infections have not been established.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine prevalence of bacterial hepatobiliary infections in dogs presenting to referral hospitals in the United Kingdom, ascertain whether specific breed predispositions exist, and to identify associated bacterial species.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One hundred twenty-six client-owned dogs diagnosed with bacterial hepatobiliary infections from 3 referral centers in the United Kingdom from a denominator cohort of 71\u2009036 dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective multicenter study. Prevalence of dogs diagnosed with bacterial hepatobiliary infections was calculated. Odds ratios were calculated to establish breed predispositions. Signalment, clinicopathologic results, imaging abnormalities, bacterial culture results, gallbladder histology, treatment, and outcomes were reported.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall prevalence was 0.15% (95% CI, 0.12-0.18). Miniature Schnauzers (OR 8.95, 95% CI, 4.36-18.35, P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a0.0001) and Border terriers (OR 3.21, 95% CI, 1.06-9.70, P\u00a0=\u00a0.04) were predisposed for bacterial hepatobiliary infection compared to crossbreed dogs. Escherichia coli (70\/156, 44.9%) and Enterococcus species (26\/156, 16.7%) were the most frequently cultured isolates. More than 1 isolate was cultured in 33 out of 114 (28.9%) dogs. Of isolates with available susceptibility data, 55 out of 123 (44.7%) were multidrug resistant (MDR); 36 out of 123 (29.3%) were resistant to at least one fluoroquinolone, and 20 out of 123 (16.3%) were resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanate when first detected.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and clinical importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Breed predispositions for bacterial hepatobiliary infections have been identified for Miniature Schnauzers and Border terriers. A notable proportion of bacterial isolates were MDR at first detection, but most were susceptible to amoxicillin-clavulanate.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jvimsj\/aalag026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T17:57:40Z","timestamp":1772474260000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prevalence, breed predispositions, and culture and sensitivity results of bacterial hepatobiliary infections in dogs in the United Kingdom"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2275-8563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederik","family":"Allan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"North Downs Specialist Referrals , Bletchingley RH1 4QP ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London , Hertfordshire AL9 7TA ,","place":["United 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