{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T15:40:56Z","timestamp":1776786056263,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine Endowed Research Funds"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hypoxemia often requires oxygen therapy. Unlike traditional delivery via nasal cannulas, high flow oxygen therapy (HFOT) provides a warm and humidified mixture of medical air and oxygen, and positive inspiratory and end-expiratory pressures in dogs and humans. It has not been evaluated in cattle.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High flow oxygen therapy will be well tolerated in neonatal bull calves, result in increased oxygenation at all flow rates tested, and produce increased nasopharyngeal pressure at higher flow rates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ten healthy neonatal bull calves \u2264\u200910\u00a0days of age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this randomized cross-over study, 2 HFOT devices (Airvo 3 and Volumax) delivered 3 flow rates (0.2, 0.4, and 1.0\u00a0L\/kg\/min). Temperature, heart and respiratory rates, respiratory and tolerance scores, arterial blood gases, nasopharyngeal pressure, end tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2), and fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) were obtained pretreatment and after a 10-min equilibration period at each flow rate. P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a0.05 was considered a significant change from pretreatment results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No differences in respiratory rate (P\u00a0=\u00a0.2), heart rate (P\u00a0=\u00a0.2), rectal temperature (P\u00a0=\u00a0.1), or ETCO2 (P\u00a0=\u00a0.1) were detected for any flow rate within each device when compared to pretreatment values. Oxygenation and nasopharyngeal pressure increased as flow rate increased on both devices (P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a0.05). The PaCO2 increased as flow rate increased for the Airvo 3 (P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a0.05), but not for the Volumax.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and clinical importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High flow oxygen therapy was well tolerated in calves and resulted in increased oxygenation at all flow rates and increased nasopharyngeal pressure at higher flow rates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jvimsj\/aalag031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T10:03:52Z","timestamp":1772791432000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of high flow oxygen therapy in healthy neonatal bull calves"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Emily K","family":"Hess","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University College of 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