{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T11:56:55Z","timestamp":1784116615469,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Platelet surface\u2013associated immunoglobulin (PSAIG) occurs in thrombocytopenic dogs with vector-borne diseases and immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) and may be associated with thrombocytopenia severity and inflammatory markers, including neutrophil-to-lymphocyte and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratios (NLR, PLR).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Assess associations between PSAIG positivity, hematologic parameters, thrombocytopenia severity, and vector-borne status in thrombocytopenic dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sixty-nine client-owned thrombocytopenic dogs (&amp;lt;200\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0103\/\u03bcL) were enrolled between June 2022 and June 2023.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dogs were prospectively enrolled. Platelet surface\u2013associated immunoglobulin was measured using flow cytometry. Vector-borne pathogens were assessed by serology (Ehrlichia spp., Anaplasma spp., Borrelia burgdorferi, Dirofilaria immitis) and PCR for Ehrlichia canis. Hematologic parameters were compared between PSAIG groups (Mann\u2013Whitney U), and associations tested by univariable logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dogs positive for PSAIG (n\u00a0=\u00a016) had lower median automated platelet counts (16.5\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0103\/\u03bcL; interquartile range [IQR]: 8.25-40.75) than PSAIG-negative dogs (n\u00a0=\u00a053; 64\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0103\/\u03bcL; IQR: 25.0-92.5; P\u00a0=\u00a0.001), with similarly lower manual platelet counts (48\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0103\/\u03bcL; IQR: 20-86 vs 96\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0103\/\u03bcL; IQR: 55\u2013138; P\u00a0=\u00a0.01) and automated PLR (7.14; IQR: 3.30-15.28 vs 21.82; IQR: 9.42\u201338.99; P\u00a0=\u00a0.01). In logistic regression, PSAIG positivity was associated with lower platelet counts and automated PLR, E. canis PCR positivity, and Anaplasma seropositivity, with the strongest association for concurrent E. canis PCR and Anaplasma seropositivity (odds ratio [OR]; 15.3; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.69-86.99; P\u00a0=\u00a0.002).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and clinical importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lower platelet counts and automated PLR were associated with PSAIG positivity in thrombocytopenic dogs. Associations between PSAIG, E. canis infection, and co-exposure to Anaplasma spp. support immune-mediated platelet destruction in infected dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jvimsj\/aalag033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T10:05:06Z","timestamp":1772791506000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evaluation of platelet surface-associated immunoglobulin positivity and its association with hematologic findings and vector-borne pathogens in thrombocytopenic dogs"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Warattha","family":"Boontuboon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University , 999 Phutthamonthon Sai 4 Road, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170 ,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walasinee","family":"Sakcamduang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University , 999 Phutthamonthon Sai 4 Road, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170 ,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rungrote","family":"Osathanon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University , 999 Phutthamonthon Sai 4 Road, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170 ,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teerawut","family":"Nedumpun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University , 39 Henri-Dunant Road, Wangmai, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330 ,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paitoon","family":"Srimontri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University , 999 Phutthamonthon Sai 4 Road, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170 ,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026042110463024600_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12774","article-title":"Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP): pathophysiology update and diagnostic dilemmas","volume":"48","author":"LeVine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2026042110463024600_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2016.00102","article-title":"The centenary of immune thrombocytopenia - part 1: revising nomenclature and pathogenesis","volume":"4","author":"Consolini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"2026042110463024600_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2507","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.17152","article-title":"Plasma concentration of thrombopoietin in dogs with immune thrombocytopenia","volume":"38","author":"Brooks","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026042110463024600_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.235.8.960","article-title":"Underlying diseases and clinicopathologic variables of thrombocytopenic dogs with and without platelet-bound antibodies detected by use of a flow cytometric assay: 83 cases (2004-2006)","volume":"235","author":"Dircks","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026042110463024600_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.2830280202","article-title":"Cephalosporin-induced immune cytopenia in the dog: demonstration of erythrocyte-, neutrophil-, and platelet-associated IgG following treatment with cefazedone","volume":"28","author":"Bloom","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"2026042110463024600_ref6","first-page":"1741","article-title":"Thrombocytopenia associated with administration of trimethoprim\/sulfadiazine in a dog","volume":"201","author":"Sullivan","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026042110463024600_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16996","article-title":"ACVIM consensus statement on the diagnosis of immune thrombocytopenia in dogs and cats","volume":"38","author":"LeVine","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026042110463024600_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15737","article-title":"Detection and dynamics of anti-platelet antibodies in thrombocytopenic dogs with and without idiopathic immune thrombocytopenia","volume":"34","author":"Shropshire","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026042110463024600_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12281","article-title":"Prospective diagnostic accuracy evaluation and clinical utilization of a modified assay for platelet-associated immunoglobulin in thrombocytopenic and nonthrombocytopenic dogs","volume":"44","author":"Bachman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2026042110463024600_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.1991.tb00566.x","article-title":"Epidemiologic survey of thrombocytopenia in dogs: a report on 987 cases","volume":"20","author":"Grindem","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2026042110463024600_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7321","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.916907","article-title":"Platelet to lymphocyte ratio and glucocorticoid resistance in newly diagnosed primary immune thrombocytopenia: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"2026042110463024600_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8683","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.917531","article-title":"Platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) is associated with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) recurrence: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"25","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"2026042110463024600_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12979","article-title":"Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratios in dogs and cats with acute pancreatitis","volume":"50","author":"Neumann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2026042110463024600_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.13269","article-title":"Evaluation of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratios in critically ill dogs","volume":"33","author":"Dourmashkin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)"},{"key":"2026042110463024600_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16972","article-title":"Retrospective evaluation of hematological ratios in canine parvovirosis: 401 cases","volume":"38","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Dom\u00ednguez","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026042110463024600_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.5326\/0440250","article-title":"Primary immune-mediated thrombocytopenia in 30 dogs (1997-2003)","volume":"44","author":"Putsche","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"2026042110463024600_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15130","article-title":"Characteristics of hemostasis during experimental Ehrlichia canis infection","volume":"32","author":"Shropshire","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026042110463024600_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/s0165-2427(00)00225-7","article-title":"Detection of platelet-bound antibodies in beagle dogs after artificial infection with Ehrlichia canis","volume":"77","author":"Waner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"2026042110463024600_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2010.03.015","article-title":"Prevalence of anti-platelet antibodies in dogs naturally co-infected by Leishmania infantum and Ehrlichia canis","volume":"188","author":"Cortese","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026042110463024600_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12787","article-title":"Granulocytic anaplasmosis in 63 dogs: clinical signs, laboratory results, therapy and course of disease","volume":"59","author":"Chirek","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026042110463024600_ref21","volume-title":"Schalm's Veterinary Hematologyjohn","author":"Weiss","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026042110463024600_ref22","volume-title":"Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine-Inkling","author":"Ettinger","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026042110463024600_ref23","first-page":"35","article-title":"Development of multiplex polymerase chain reaction for detection of Ehrlichia canis, babesia spp and Hepatozoon canis in canine blood","volume":"40","author":"Kledmanee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"2026042110463024600_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341254","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1341254","article-title":"Tick-borne pathogens Ehrlichia, Hepatozoon, and babesia co-infection in owned dogs in Central Thailand","volume":"11","author":"Chamsai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026042110463024600_ref25","first-page":"29","article-title":"Development of flow cytometric assay for diagnosis of immune-mediated thrombocytopenia in dog and cat.","volume":"52","author":"Nedumpun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Medicine"},{"key":"2026042110463024600_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2018.07.003","article-title":"Validation of a clinically applicable flow cytometric assay for the detection of immunoglobulin associated platelets in dogs","volume":"202","author":"Shropshire","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"2026042110463024600_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10020201","article-title":"Platelet function and therapeutic applications in dogs: current status and future prospects","volume":"10","author":"Cortese","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"2026042110463024600_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.164.21.647","article-title":"Retrospective study of 871 dogs with thrombocytopenia","volume":"164","author":"Botsch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"2026042110463024600_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.1091","article-title":"Causes of thrombocytopenia in dogs in the United Kingdom: a retrospective study of 762 cases","volume":"9","author":"Mart\u00edn-Ambrosio Franc\u00e9s","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"2026042110463024600_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2007.06.002","article-title":"Molecular characterization of Thai Ehrlichia canis and Anaplasma platys strains detected in dogs","volume":"8","author":"Pinyoowong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"2026042110463024600_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.5326\/15473317-35-1-56","article-title":"Platelet-associated immunoglobulin (antiplatelet antibody) in canine Rocky Mountain spotted fever and ehrlichiosis","volume":"35","author":"Grindem","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"2026042110463024600_ref32","first-page":"174","article-title":"Application of a flow cytometry in differentiation of antibodies accompanying platelets in Ehrlichia canis and Borrelia burgdorferi infections in dogs","volume":"36","author":"P\u0142oneczka-Janeczko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Central European Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"2026042110463024600_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2022.07.002","article-title":"Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis: an update","volume":"52","author":"Diniz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026042110463024600_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0649-0","article-title":"Guideline for veterinary practitioners on canine ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis in Europe","volume":"8","author":"Sainz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"2026042110463024600_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.164.25.778","article-title":"Secondary immune-mediated thrombocytopenia in dogs naturally infected by Leishmania infantum","volume":"164","author":"Cortese","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"2026042110463024600_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2005.11.001","article-title":"Presence of anti-platelet IgM and IgG antibodies in dogs naturally infected by Leishmania infantum","volume":"110","author":"Terrazzano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"2026042110463024600_ref37","first-page":"8","article-title":"Autochthonous visceral leishmaniasis: a report of a second case in Thailand","volume":"38","author":"Kongkaew","year":"2007","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"2026042110463024600_ref38","first-page":"988","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum in Thailand","volume":"39","author":"Maharom","year":"2008","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"2026042110463024600_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0434","article-title":"Autochthonous visceral leishmaniasis in a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patient: the first in Thailand and review of the literature","volume":"82","author":"Suankratay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2026042110463024600_ref40","first-page":"352","article-title":"Seroprevalence of leishmania infection in domestic animals in Songkhla and Satun provinces, southern Thailand","volume":"34","author":"Junsiri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trop Biomed"},{"key":"2026042110463024600_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.22271\/j.ento.2021.v9.i1g.8194","article-title":"Transmissible venereal tumours (TVT) in bitches: a haematological, biochemical and histopathological study","volume":"9","author":"Priyadarshini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies"},{"key":"2026042110463024600_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.5958\/0973-970X.2019.00027.0","article-title":"Clinicopathological changes during canine transmissible venereal tumor treatment with vincristine","author":"Kabuusu","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026042110463024600_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12794","article-title":"Outcome of dogs with bone marrow suppression secondary to Sertoli cell tumour","volume":"20","author":"Salyer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet Comp Oncol"},{"key":"2026042110463024600_ref44","volume-title":"Retrospective Study of Testis Tumors in Male Dogs","author":"Raets","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026042110463024600_ref45","first-page":"787","volume":"21","author":"Helfand","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Amer Anim Hosp Assn"},{"key":"2026042110463024600_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1992.200.03.368","article-title":"Diagnosis of microthrombocytosis and immune-mediated thrombocytopenia in dogs with thrombocytopenia: 68 cases (1987-1989)","volume":"200","author":"Northern","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/40\/2\/aalag033\/67257037\/aalag033.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/40\/2\/aalag033\/67257037\/aalag033.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T14:46:40Z","timestamp":1776782800000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jvimsj\/aalag033\/8509117"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jvimsj\/aalag033","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"article-number":"aalag033"}}