{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T15:41:13Z","timestamp":1776786073038,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":29,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2025QC1390"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2025QC1390"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nairobi sheep disease virus (NSDV), a highly pathogenic tick-borne orthonairovirus affecting ruminants, represents an emerging zoonotic threat. While endemic to East Africa, recent reports confirm its presence in Asia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study investigated NSDV circulation in the eastern Shandong Peninsula.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 745 Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks (grouped into 139 pools) and 246 ruminant serum samples were collected during 2021 field surveillance in Weifang and Yantai regions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Molecular detection employed quantitative reverse transcription PCR and nested PCR assays, with genomic characterization through complete and partial segment sequencing. Serological analysis used ELISA and immunofluorescence assays (IFAs). Phylogenetic reconstruction was performed using maximum-likelihood methods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nairobi sheep disease virus RNA was detected in 9 tick pools (minimum infection rate: 1.2%). Genomic analysis revealed one complete genome (L: 11\u2009999\u00a0bp; M: 5013\u00a0bp; and S: 1469\u00a0bp) and 4 partial S segment sequences (975\u00a0bp) showing &amp;gt;\u200998% nucleotide identity with Chinese reference strains and 100% identity among themselves. Phylogenetically, Shandong isolates clustered with other Chinese NSDV variants, indicating local evolutionary adaptation. Seroprevalence reached 5.7% (14\/246) among ruminants, suggesting local virus exposure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and clinical importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This molecular and serological evidence of NSDV in eastern Shandong suggests the potential presence of the virus beyond its historical range. The close genetic relationship with other Chinese strains suggests regional spread rather than independent introductions. These findings underscore the need for enhanced surveillance in tick-ruminant systems and the development of control strategies to mitigate economic and zoonotic risks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jvimsj\/aalag055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T12:34:13Z","timestamp":1774874053000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular and serological evidence of Nairobi sheep disease virus in\n                    <i>Haemaphysalis longicornis<\/i>\n                    and sheep in eastern Shandong Peninsula, China"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Yingxin","family":"Tu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University , Weifang 261053 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yujing","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University , Weifang 261053 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaolin","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University , Weifang 261053 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weifang People\u2019s Hospital, Shandong Second Medical University , Weifang 261000 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinbei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University , Weifang 261053 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meixi","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University , Weifang 261053 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University , Weifang 261053 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiuwei","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University , Weifang 261053 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guoyu","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University , Weifang 261053 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hengyi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University , Weifang 261053 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, Suqian First Hospital , Suqian 223812 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026042110473550400_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00419","article-title":"Nairobi sheep disease virus: a historical and epidemiological perspective","volume":"7","author":"Krasteva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026042110473550400_ref2","volume-title":"Nairobi Sheep Disease","author":"Spickler","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026042110473550400_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.3390\/v13071250","article-title":"Diagnosis and pathogenesis of Nairobi sheep disease orthonairovirus infections in sheep and cattle","volume":"13","author":"Hartlaub","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2026042110473550400_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-023-03684-3","article-title":"Spatio-temporal epidemiology of livestock diseases in the variable semi-arid rangelands of northern Kenya","volume":"55","author":"Lelenguyah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tropl Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"2026042110473550400_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/S0368-1742(58)80018-1","article-title":"An epizootic of Nairobi sheep disease in Uganda","volume":"68","author":"Weinbren","year":"1958","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol"},{"key":"2026042110473550400_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9975(78)90005-1","article-title":"The serological relationships of Nairobi sheep disease virus","volume":"88","author":"Davies","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol"},{"key":"2026042110473550400_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02383239","article-title":"The distribution and prevalence of Nairobi sheep disease and other tick-borne infections of sheep and goats in northern Somalia","volume":"7","author":"Edelsten","year":"1975","journal-title":"Tropl Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"2026042110473550400_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.04.001","article-title":"Genomic analysis reveals Nairobi sheep disease virus to be highly diverse and present in both Africa, and in India in the form of the Ganjam virus variant","volume":"11","author":"Yadav","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"2026042110473550400_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2104.141602","article-title":"Nairobi sheep disease virus RNA in ixodid ticks, China, 2013","volume":"21","author":"Gong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026042110473550400_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2019.01.026","article-title":"Genomes and seroprevalence of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus and Nairobi sheep disease virus in Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks and goats in Hubei, China","volume":"529","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2026042110473550400_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977405","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.977405","article-title":"Genomic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of a novel Nairobi sheep disease genogroup Orthonairovirus from ticks, Southeastern China","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2026042110473550400_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25935","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-77547-8","article-title":"Identification of a newly discovered virus from Culex and Armigeres mosquitoes in China","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026042110473550400_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.34.2.2367","article-title":"Nairobi sheep disease virus\/Ganjam virus","volume":"34","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev Sci Tech"},{"key":"2026042110473550400_ref14","first-page":"95","article-title":"Nairobi sheep disease","volume":"39","author":"Davies","year":"1997","journal-title":"Parassitologia"},{"key":"2026042110473550400_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309698","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1309698","article-title":"Diversity of species and geographic distribution of tick-borne viruses in China","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2026042110473550400_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3491","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-79184-3","article-title":"Newcastle disease virus transmission dynamics in wild peridomestic birds in the United Arab Emirates","volume":"11","author":"Hirschinger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026042110473550400_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1997.tb00286.x","article-title":"Abiotic and biotic determinants of the seasonal dynamics of the tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus in South Africa","volume":"11","author":"Randolph","year":"1997","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"2026042110473550400_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.51847\/zyarbFSUps","article-title":"The influence of climatogeographic conditions on the expansion of the range of Ixodes ticks","volume":"10","author":"Domatskiy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Entomol. Appl. Sci. Lett"},{"key":"2026042110473550400_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-022-07445-3","article-title":"The evolving story of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato transmission in Europe","volume":"121","author":"Steinbrink","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"2026042110473550400_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2024.102375","article-title":"Identification and phylogenetic analysis of Nairobi sheep disease virus from Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks in Shandong Province, China","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/40\/2\/aalag055\/67655010\/aalag055.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/40\/2\/aalag055\/67655010\/aalag055.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T14:47:45Z","timestamp":1776782865000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jvimsj\/aalag055\/8559491"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jvimsj\/aalag055","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"article-number":"aalag055"}}