{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T14:40:27Z","timestamp":1787496027417,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Information on the classical and alternative circulating renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosterone systems (RAAS) in cats with non-hypertensive chronic kidney disease (NHT-CKD) or systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) is limited. Age and diet affect the RAAS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare serum equilibrium concentrations of angiotensin peptides and aldosterone in healthy cats and cats with NHT-CKD or untreated SAH, and to evaluate changes in these concentrations in hypertensive cats administered amlodipine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Client-owned cats with NHT-CKD (serum creatinine \u2265 1.6\u00a0mg\/dL, systolic blood pressure [SBP]\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a0160\u00a0mmHg; n\u00a0=\u00a017), SAH (SBP\u00a0\u2265\u00a0160\u00a0mmHg or\u00a0\u2265\u00a0150\u00a0mmHg with hypertensive ocular lesions; n\u00a0=\u00a06), or normal SBP (&amp;lt;140\u00a0mmHg) and kidney function (n\u00a0=\u00a017).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective, single-center, observational study. Cats underwent indirect SBP measurement and clinicopathologic analyses. Serum was obtained contemporaneously in all cats, and after 2-4\u00a0weeks of amlodipine therapy in hypertensive cats, for evaluation of angiotensin I, II, III, IV, 1-5, and 1-7, and aldosterone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adjusting for diet, age, or both modified the conclusions of statistical comparisons for several variables. Mean serum angiotensin I, II, and III concentrations were lower in cats with untreated SAH vs healthy controls across unadjusted and diet-, age-, or both diet- and age-adjusted linear mixed models (geometric mean [95% CI] angiotensin I, 9.02 [3.05-26.62] vs 29.78 [21.15-41.94] pmol\/L; angiotensin II, 33.63 [12.25-92.26] vs 124.24 [90.52-170.51] pmol\/L; angiotensin III, 1.56 [0.88-2.79] vs 7.96 [5.35-11.86] pmol\/L; all P\u00a0\u2264\u00a0.038). Controlling for diet but not age, angiotensin II (P\u00a0=\u00a0.043) and III (P\u00a0=\u00a0.019) were also lower in cats with NHT-CKD vs controls. All angiotensin peptides, except for angiotensin IV, significantly increased in hypertensive cats during amlodipine therapy. Serum aldosterone did not differ between groups, or before and after amlodipine in hypertensive cats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and clinical importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Evidence of circulating RAAS activation in cats with NHT-CKD or untreated SAH was not found.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jvimsj\/aalag079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T11:56:32Z","timestamp":1778586992000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Circulating renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosterone system markers in cats with non-hypertensive chronic kidney disease or systemic arterial hypertension"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5249-4645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bianca N","family":"Louren\u00e7o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine , Athens, GA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4528-9245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jane H C","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine , Athens, GA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9794-9397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Reno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine , Athens, GA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1700-9452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carl","family":"Toborowsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5476-5963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda E","family":"Coleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine , Athens, GA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026051207562326000_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2003.09.034","article-title":"The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the kidney: effects on kidney disease","volume":"116","author":"Brewster","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2026051207562326000_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2008.12.008","article-title":"Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system-mediated redox effects in chronic kidney disease","volume":"153","author":"Nistala","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transl Res"},{"key":"2026051207562326000_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2024.106287","article-title":"The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in kidney diseases of cats and dogs","volume":"309","author":"Huang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026051207562326000_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.69.1015","article-title":"Effects of benazepril hydrochloride in cats with experimentally induced or spontaneously occurring chronic renal failure","volume":"69","author":"Watanabe","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"2026051207562326000_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.60.805","article-title":"Non-invasive blood pressure measurements in cats: clinical significance of hypertension associated with chronic renal failure","volume":"60","author":"Mishina","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"2026051207562326000_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1997.58.05.535","article-title":"Plasma renin activity and angiotensin I and aldosterone concentrations in cats with hypertension associated with chronic renal disease","volume":"58","author":"Jensen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026051207562326000_ref7","first-page":"157","article-title":"Effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on plasma aldosterone concentration, plasma renin activity, and blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive cats with chronic renal disease","volume":"3","author":"Steele","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet Ther"},{"key":"2026051207562326000_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12240","article-title":"Plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentrations in hypertensive cats with and without azotemia and in response to treatment with amlodipine besylate","volume":"28","author":"Jepson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026051207562326000_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2004.65.1006","article-title":"Evaluation of a technique of inducing hypertensive renal insufficiency in cats","volume":"65","author":"Mathur","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026051207562326000_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1892\/0891-6640(2004)18&lt;625:praapc&gt;2.0.co;2","article-title":"Plasma renin activity and plasma concentrations of aldosterone, cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and \u03b1-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in healthy cats","volume":"18","author":"Javadi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026051207562326000_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2004.65.620","article-title":"Effects of dietary sodium chloride intake on renal function and blood pressure in cats with normal and reduced renal function","volume":"65","author":"Buranakarl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026051207562326000_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-106-3-983","article-title":"Effects of high potassium diet on angiotensin II receptors and angiotensin-induced aldosterone production in rat adrenal glomerulosa cells","volume":"106","author":"Douglas","year":"1980","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026051207562326000_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd873","article-title":"Drugs targeting the renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosterone system","volume":"1","author":"Zaman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"2026051207562326000_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2733","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2012.tb00475.x","article-title":"Nonclassical renin-angiotensin system and renal function","volume":"2","author":"Chappell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"2026051207562326000_ref15","first-page":"1226","article-title":"Effects of plasma aldosterone concentration and treatment with eplerenone on the survival of cats with chronic kidney disease","volume":"63","author":"Kai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"2026051207562326000_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3479","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13223479","article-title":"Evaluation of renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosterone system components and enzymes in systemically hypertensive cats receiving amlodipine","volume":"13","author":"Adin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"2026051207562326000_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16401","article-title":"Circulating renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity in cats with systemic hypertension or cardiomyopathy","volume":"36","author":"Ward","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026051207562326000_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15331","article-title":"ACVIM consensus statement: guidelines for the identification, evaluation, and management of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats","volume":"32","author":"Acierno","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026051207562326000_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1470320316669880","article-title":"Quantification of systemic renin-angiotensin system peptides of hypertensive black and white African men established from the RAS-Fingerprint(R)","volume":"17","author":"Rooyen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst"},{"key":"2026051207562326000_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2017.278705","article-title":"Low-and high-renin heart failure phenotypes with clinical implications","volume":"64","author":"Pavo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2026051207562326000_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.14871","article-title":"Effects of ramipril on the aldosterone\/renin ratio and the aldosterone\/angiotensin II ratio in patients with primary aldosteronism","volume":"76","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2026051207562326000_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16687","article-title":"The classical and alternative circulating renin-angiotensin system in normal dogs and dogs with stage B1 and B2 myxomatous mitral valve disease","volume":"37","author":"Hammond","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026051207562326000_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1993.tb01015.x","article-title":"Recommendations for standards in transthoracic two-dimensional echocardiography in the dog and cat","volume":"7","author":"Thomas","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026051207562326000_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15745","article-title":"ACVIM consensus statement guidelines for the classification, diagnosis, and management of cardiomyopathies in cats","volume":"34","author":"Luis Fuentes","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026051207562326000_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2006.tb02830.x","article-title":"Two-dimensional echocardiographic assessment of the feline left atrium","volume":"20","author":"Abbott","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026051207562326000_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2000.tb02252.x","article-title":"Evaluation of four 2-dimensional echocardiographic methods of assessing left atrial size in dogs","volume":"14","author":"Rishniw","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026051207562326000_ref27","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026051207562326000_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v082.i13","article-title":"lmerTest package: tests in linear mixed effects models","volume":"82","author":"Kuznetsova","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"2026051207562326000_ref29","volume-title":"emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means, aka Least-Squares Means","author":"Lenth","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026051207562326000_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1977.57.2.313","article-title":"Renin-angiotensin system: biochemistry and mechanisms of action","volume":"57","author":"Peach","year":"1977","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"2026051207562326000_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2023.09.006","article-title":"Isolated discrete upper septal thickening in a non-referral cat population of senior and young cats","volume":"50","author":"Matos","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Vet Cardiol"},{"key":"2026051207562326000_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2007.02898.x","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of low-renin hypertension","volume":"67","author":"Mulatero","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2026051207562326000_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15429","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of orally administered telmisartan for the treatment of systemic hypertension in cats: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial","volume":"33","author":"Coleman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026051207562326000_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15394","article-title":"Efficacy of long-term oral telmisartan treatment in cats with hypertension: results of a prospective European clinical trial","volume":"33","author":"Glaus","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026051207562326000_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X18761439","article-title":"Evaluation of orally administered telmisartan for the reduction of indirect systolic arterial blood pressure in awake, clinically normal cats","volume":"21","author":"Coleman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"2026051207562326000_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.59.3.3","article-title":"The intrarenal renin-angiotensin system: from physiology to the pathobiology of hypertension and kidney disease","volume":"59","author":"Kobori","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"2026051207562326000_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1159\/000313363","article-title":"Role of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in chronic kidney disease","volume":"31","author":"Siragy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"key":"2026051207562326000_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-018-1567-1","article-title":"Independent regulation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the kidney","volume":"22","author":"Nishiyama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Exp Nephrol"},{"key":"2026051207562326000_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.70417","article-title":"Post hoc comparison of the intrarenal and circulating renin-angiotensin (-aldosterone) systems in cats with ischemia-induced chronic kidney disease","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"key":"2026051207562326000_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.12-0314","article-title":"Association between the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system and renal injury in chronic kidney disease of dogs and cats","volume":"75","author":"Mitani","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"2026051207562326000_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16361","article-title":"Characterization of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system in cats with naturally occurring chronic kidney disease","volume":"36","author":"Louren\u00e7o","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026051207562326000_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9975(96)80082-X","article-title":"The renin-angiotensin system in cats with chronic renal failure","volume":"115","author":"Taugner","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol"},{"key":"2026051207562326000_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.25.06.0201","article-title":"Classical and alternative renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems in a feline remnant kidney model","volume":"86","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026051207562326000_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2016.06.005","article-title":"Controversies in veterinary nephrology: renal diets are indicated for cats with International Renal Interest Society chronic kidney disease stages 2 to 4: the pro view","volume":"46","author":"Polzin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026051207562326000_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2013.807275","article-title":"Chronobiology of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in dogs: relation to blood pressure and renal physiology","volume":"30","author":"Mochel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"key":"2026051207562326000_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2014.897711","article-title":"Influence of feeding schedules on the chronobiology of renin activity, urinary electrolytes and blood pressure in dogs","volume":"31","author":"Mochel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/40\/3\/aalag079\/68271905\/aalag079.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/40\/3\/aalag079\/68271905\/aalag079.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T11:56:35Z","timestamp":1778586995000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jvimsj\/aalag079\/8676332"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jvimsj\/aalag079","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"article-number":"aalag079"}}